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oracle: 浅谈orapwd命令,及解决远程登录ORA-01031: insufficient privileges问题

2011-09-16 10:11 423 查看
1、先看下命令说明:orapwd

Usage: orapwd file=<fname> entries=<users> force=<y/n> ignorecase=<y/n> nosysdba=<y/n>

where
file - name of password file (required),
password - password for SYS will be prompted if not specified at command line,
entries - maximum number of distinct DBA (optional),
force - whether to overwrite existing file (optional),
ignorecase - passwords are case-insensitive (optional),
nosysdba - whether to shut out the SYSDBA logon (optional Database Vault only).

There must be no spaces around the equal-to (=) character.


2、再看下使用范例:

orapwd file=orapwmercury password=lzx123 entries=10

范例说明:

file:变量orapwmercury为'orapw$ORACLE_SID'格式,如sid为test则命令文件为orapwtest,这点必须按格式来,并且该文件要放置在$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/目录下。
password:变量lzx123为设定给sys用户的密码
entries:10表明可以有10个sysdba权限用户,不可超过10个,目前已经定义了sys一个。

注:改动生效需要重启数据库。

3、应用说明:

orapwd命令是用来创建口令文件的,所以需要明白什么时候需要这个口令文件,执行下列命令查看

[oracle@centos ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba;

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Sat Sep 17 11:21:52 2011

Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options

SQL> show parameter remote_login_passwordfile;

NAME                                 TYPE        VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
remote_login_passwordfile            string      EXCLUSIVE
SQL>

保证数据库open情况下,执行命令show parameter remote_login_passwordfile;查看值是不是EXCLUSIVE。这里的值是pfile中定义的,可以查看你的initSID.ora文件。对该字段的描述是:

***********************************************FROM ORACLE11G DOCS******************************************

REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE = { shared | exclusive | none }


REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE
specifies whether Oracle checks for a password file.

Values:

shared


One or more databases can use the password file. The password file can contain
SYS
as well as non-
SYS
users.

exclusive


The password file can be used by only one database. The password file can contain
SYS
as well as non-
SYS
users.

none


Oracle ignores any password file. Therefore, privileged users must be authenticated by the operating system.

Notes:

When
REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE
is set to either
exclusive
or
shared
, but the password file does not exist, then the behavior is the same as setting
REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE

to
none
.

If you change
REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE
to
exclusive
or
shared
from
none
, then ensure that the password file is in sync with the dictionary passwords. SeeOracle
Database Administrator's Guide for more information.

*******************************************************************************************************************

从描述中可以知道如果值是none的话,表明口令文件模式不起作用,必须用操作系统级的sysdba权限用户登录,如系统用户oracle。而没有指定值得话等同于none。因此如果要使用口令文件必须是exclusive或是shared模式,并且用orapwd命令创建,值得一提的是该口令文件指保存具有sysdba等超级权限的用户。

注:假如你不能用sys加上口令登录,那就用系统用户oracle,使用sqlplus / as sysdba;登录到数据库(如不能登录,这里有个sqlnet.ora文件请查阅/article/8104342.html)。

4、常见问题

(1)尝试使用sysdba权限用户远程登录的时候提示,尤其是pl/sql使用 "sys/密码 as sysdba"登录时

ORA-01031: insufficient privileges

对该问题首要考虑就是1:口令文件的缺失,造成没有找到口令、2:
REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE
值没有指定或是指定了none。

(2)select * from v$pwfile_users; 结果为 no rows select如

SQL> show user;
USER is "SYS"
SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;

no rows selected

也说明口令文件不存在或是不起作用,需要按上述调整好,重启数据库,登录,然后检验:

SQL> startup open;
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area  801701888 bytes
Fixed Size                  2217632 bytes
Variable Size             469764448 bytes
Database Buffers          322961408 bytes
Redo Buffers                6758400 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL> show parameter remote_login_passwordfile;

NAME                                 TYPE        VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
remote_login_passwordfile            string      EXCLUSIVE
SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;

USERNAME                       SYSDB SYSOP SYSAS
------------------------------ ----- ----- -----
SYS                            TRUE  TRUE  FALSE

SQL> grant sysdba to cat;

Grant succeeded.

SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;

USERNAME                       SYSDB SYSOP SYSAS
------------------------------ ----- ----- -----
SYS                            TRUE  TRUE  FALSE
CAT                            TRUE  FALSE FALSE

可说明,口令文件工作了!

注:本人截止到20110916仍在使用oracle,关于本话题如再有疑问请留言。
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