MySQL Cookbook 学习笔记-02
2011-07-25 10:26
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1、分组后查找最大或最小值
2、根据“日期-时间”分组
3、“分组计算” 和 “全局计算” 同时存在查询中
4、删除一行数据，sequence 列会重新生成吗？
5、sequence 列指定值插入，不是我认为的不能指定值哦！
6、删除最大 sequence 行，对以后插入新行 sequence 值的影响
7、获取序列的值
8、设定序列的初始值
9、创建多重序列
10、使用序列产生计数器
______________________________________________________________
1、分组后查找最大或最小值
（Recipe 8.14. Finding Smallest or Largest Summary Values）
表和数据：
MIN()，MAX() 的比较范围是指定的范围（如：全表，各组内，where指定范围），但却不能比较各组值的大小！
全表：
各组内：
where指定范围：
替代办法：对分组后的值排序，取出第一个，即为最大或最小（有缺陷哦~~~如果最大或最小存在多个就不对了）
查询数据如下
方式1：
2、根据“日期-时间”分组
（Recipe 8.15. Date-Based Summaries）
示例--根据 { year-month }分组
3、“分组计算” 和 “全局计算” 同时存在查询中
（Recipe 8.16. Working with Per-Group and Overall Summary Values Simultaneously）
示例--将两个查询分开
( 前两个查询用来演示 )
4、删除一行数据，sequence 列会重新生成吗？
答案：不会！
演示如下：
5、sequence 列指定值插入，不是我认为的不能指定值哦！
a、id 重复，报错
b、id 不重复，可以插入！
报错演示：
6、删除最大 sequence 行，对以后插入新行 sequence 值的影响
（Recipe 11.3. The Effect of Row Deletions on Sequence Generation）
a、DBD engine，下一个序列值是当前最大序列值加1（例如删掉 id 为20，下次插入即为9）
b、MyISAM or InnoDB engine，永远不重复（例如删掉 id 为20，下次插入即为21）
查看表的 engine——示例
7、获取序列的值
（Recipe 11.4. Retrieving Sequence Values）
Server-side—— select last_insert_id()示例
Client-side:
8、设定序列的初始值
For MyISAM or InnoDB tables
start a sequence at 100 for a BDB table:
9、创建多重序列
（Recipe 11.11. Using an AUTO_INCREMENT Column to Create Multiple Sequences）
注意：只适合 engine 为 MyISAM 和 BDB
创建时注意指定表的 engine，因为我的默认为 InnoDB
a、AUTO_INCREMENT 列必须是定义索引的最后一个（如：PRIMARY KEY (name,
id)），主键是强制索引
b、PRIMARY KEY 不允许包含 NULL 列，如果非 ATUO_INCREMENT 列允许NULL，则应该用 UNIQUE 索引
10、使用序列产生计数器
（Recipe 11.14. Using Sequence Generators as Counters）
在多用户多线程的情况下，用户A 完成更新在取值查询开始前，用户B执行了更新，这样用户A 查询的数据就错误了！
修改：使用LAST_INSERT_ID(expr) 函数，保证数据一致性
获取插入/更新后的值：
Server-side:
Client-side:
2、根据“日期-时间”分组
3、“分组计算” 和 “全局计算” 同时存在查询中
4、删除一行数据，sequence 列会重新生成吗？
5、sequence 列指定值插入，不是我认为的不能指定值哦！
6、删除最大 sequence 行，对以后插入新行 sequence 值的影响
7、获取序列的值
8、设定序列的初始值
9、创建多重序列
10、使用序列产生计数器
______________________________________________________________
1、分组后查找最大或最小值
（Recipe 8.14. Finding Smallest or Largest Summary Values）
表和数据：
mysql> select * from driver_log; +--------+-------+------------+-------+ | rec_id | name | trav_date | miles | +--------+-------+------------+-------+ | 1 | Ben | 2006-08-30 | 152 | | 2 | Suzi | 2006-08-29 | 391 | | 3 | Henry | 2006-08-29 | 300 | | 4 | Henry | 2006-08-27 | 96 | | 5 | Ben | 2006-08-29 | 131 | | 6 | Henry | 2006-08-26 | 115 | | 7 | Suzi | 2006-09-02 | 502 | | 8 | Henry | 2006-09-01 | 197 | | 9 | Ben | 2006-09-02 | 79 | | 10 | Henry | 2006-08-30 | 203 | +--------+-------+------------+-------+
MIN()，MAX() 的比较范围是指定的范围（如：全表，各组内，where指定范围），但却不能比较各组值的大小！
全表：
mysql> select min(miles), max(miles) from driver_log; +------------+------------+ | min(miles) | max(miles) | +------------+------------+ | 79 | 502 | +------------+------------+
各组内：
mysql> select name, min(miles) ,max(miles) from driver_log -> group by name; +-------+------------+------------+ | name | min(miles) | max(miles) | +-------+------------+------------+ | Ben | 79 | 152 | | Henry | 96 | 300 | | Suzi | 391 | 502 | +-------+------------+------------+
where指定范围：
mysql> select min(miles), max(miles) from driver_log -> where trav_date < '2006-09-01'; +------------+------------+ | min(miles) | max(miles) | +------------+------------+ | 96 | 391 | +------------+------------+
替代办法：对分组后的值排序，取出第一个，即为最大或最小（有缺陷哦~~~如果最大或最小存在多个就不对了）
mysql> select name , sum(miles) as total_miles -> from driver_log -> group by name -> order by total_miles desc; +-------+-------------+ | name | total_miles | +-------+-------------+ | Henry | 911 | | Suzi | 893 | | Ben | 362 | +-------+-------------+取各组最大值：
mysql> select name , sum(miles) as total_miles -> from driver_log -> group by name -> order by total_miles desc limit 1; +-------+-------------+ | name | total_miles | +-------+-------------+ | Henry | 911 | +-------+-------------+当最大、最小值存在重复时的处理办法：
查询数据如下
mysql> select left(name,1) as letter, count(*) as count -> from states -> group by letter -> order by count desc; +--------+-------+ | letter | count | +--------+-------+ | M | 8 | | N | 8 | | I | 4 | | A | 4 | | W | 4 | | O | 3 | | C | 3 | | K | 2 | | S | 2 | | T | 2 | | V | 2 | | L | 1 | | P | 1 | | R | 1 | | U | 1 | | D | 1 | | F | 1 | | G | 1 | | H | 1 | +--------+-------+取出各组最大的记录
方式1：
mysql> set @max = (select count(*) from states -> group by left(name,1) order by count(*) desc limit 1); mysql> select left(name,1) as letter, count(*) as count from states -> group by letter having count = @max; +--------+-------+ | letter | count | +--------+-------+ | M | 8 | | N | 8 | +--------+-------+方式2：
mysql> select left(name,1) as letter ,count(*) as count from states -> group by letter having count = -> ( select count(*) from states -> group by left(name,1) order by count(*) desc limit 1); +--------+-------+ | letter | count | +--------+-------+ | M | 8 | | N | 8 | +--------+-------+
2、根据“日期-时间”分组
（Recipe 8.15. Date-Based Summaries）
示例--根据 { year-month }分组
mysql> select concat(year(trav_date), '_' , month(trav_date)) as month_group, -> count(*) as month_drivers, -> sum(miles) as month_miles -> from driver_log group by year(trav_date), month(trav_date); +-------------+---------------+-------------+ | month_group | month_drivers | month_miles | +-------------+---------------+-------------+ | 2006_8 | 7 | 1388 | | 2006_9 | 3 | 778 | +-------------+---------------+-------------+示例--根据 { year-week }分组
mysql> select yearweek(trav_date) as week_group, -> count(*) as month_drivers, -> sum(miles) as month_miles -> from driver_log group by week_group; +------------+---------------+-------------+ | week_group | month_drivers | month_miles | +------------+---------------+-------------+ | 200634 | 1 | 115 | | 200635 | 9 | 2051 | +------------+---------------+-------------+
3、“分组计算” 和 “全局计算” 同时存在查询中
（Recipe 8.16. Working with Per-Group and Overall Summary Values Simultaneously）
示例--将两个查询分开
mysql> select @total := sum(miles) as total_miles from driver_log; +-------------+ | total_miles | +-------------+ | 2166 | +-------------+ mysql> select name, -> sum(miles) as 'miles/driver', -> (sum(miles)*100)/@total as 'percent of total miles' -> from driver_log group by name; +-------+--------------+------------------------+ | name | miles/driver | percent of total miles | +-------+--------------+------------------------+ | Ben | 362 | 16.7128 | | Henry | 911 | 42.0591 | | Suzi | 893 | 41.2281 | +-------+--------------+------------------------+示例--合并
mysql> select name, -> sum(miles) as 'miles/driver', -> (sum(miles)*100)/(select sum(miles) from driver_log) as 'total miles' -> from driver_log group by name; +-------+--------------+-------------+ | name | miles/driver | total miles | +-------+--------------+-------------+ | Ben | 362 | 16.7128 | | Henry | 911 | 42.0591 | | Suzi | 893 | 41.2281 | +-------+--------------+-------------+示例--带条件判断的（having xxx）
( 前两个查询用来演示 )
mysql> select avg(miles) from driver_log; +------------+ | avg(miles) | +------------+ | 216.6000 | +------------+ mysql> select name, avg(miles) as driver_avg from driver_log -> group by name; +-------+------------+ | name | driver_avg | +-------+------------+ | Ben | 120.6667 | | Henry | 182.2000 | | Suzi | 446.5000 | +-------+------------+ mysql> select name, avg(miles) as driver_avg from driver_log -> group by name -> having driver_avg < (select avg(miles) from driver_log); +-------+------------+ | name | driver_avg | +-------+------------+ | Ben | 120.6667 | | Henry | 182.2000 | +-------+------------+
4、删除一行数据，sequence 列会重新生成吗？
答案：不会！
演示如下：
+----+-------------------+------------+------------+ | id | name | date | origin | +----+-------------------+------------+------------+ | 1 | housefly | 2006-09-10 | kitchen | | 2 | millipede | 2006-09-10 | driveway | | 3 | grasshopper | 2006-09-10 | front yard | | 4 | stink bug | 2006-09-10 | front yard | | 5 | cabbage butterfly | 2006-09-10 | garden | | 6 | ant | 2006-09-10 | back yard | | 7 | ant | 2006-09-10 | back yard | | 8 | millbug | 2006-09-10 | under rock | +----+-------------------+------------+------------+删除 id 为2的行：
mysql> delete from insect where id=2;结果：
mysql> select * from insect; +----+-------------------+------------+------------+ | id | name | date | origin | +----+-------------------+------------+------------+ | 1 | housefly | 2006-09-10 | kitchen | | 3 | grasshopper | 2006-09-10 | front yard | | 4 | stink bug | 2006-09-10 | front yard | | 5 | cabbage butterfly | 2006-09-10 | garden | | 6 | ant | 2006-09-10 | back yard | | 7 | ant | 2006-09-10 | back yard | | 8 | millbug | 2006-09-10 | under rock | +----+-------------------+------------+------------+
5、sequence 列指定值插入，不是我认为的不能指定值哦！
a、id 重复，报错
b、id 不重复，可以插入！
报错演示：
mysql> insert into insect (id, name, date, origin) values (1,'test','2011-08-25','test'); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 1id 不重复演示——插入比当前sequence 值最大还大的值
mysql> insert into insect (id, name, date, origin) values (20,'test','2011-08-25','test'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec) mysql> select * from insect; +----+-------------------+------------+------------+ | id | name | date | origin | +----+-------------------+------------+------------+ | 1 | housefly | 2006-09-10 | kitchen | | 3 | grasshopper | 2006-09-10 | front yard | | 4 | stink bug | 2006-09-10 | front yard | | 5 | cabbage butterfly | 2006-09-10 | garden | | 6 | ant | 2006-09-10 | back yard | | 7 | ant | 2006-09-10 | back yard | | 8 | millbug | 2006-09-10 | under rock | | 20 | test | 2011-08-25 | test | +----+-------------------+------------+------------+id 不重复演示——补上被删除的行（id 为2）
mysql> insert into insect (id, name, date, origin) values (2,'test','2011-08-25','test'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> select * from insect; +----+-------------------+------------+------------+ | id | name | date | origin | +----+-------------------+------------+------------+ | 1 | housefly | 2006-09-10 | kitchen | | 2 | test | 2011-08-25 | test | | 3 | grasshopper | 2006-09-10 | front yard | | 4 | stink bug | 2006-09-10 | front yard | | 5 | cabbage butterfly | 2006-09-10 | garden | | 6 | ant | 2006-09-10 | back yard | | 7 | ant | 2006-09-10 | back yard | | 8 | millbug | 2006-09-10 | under rock | | 20 | test | 2011-08-25 | test | +----+-------------------+------------+------------+
6、删除最大 sequence 行，对以后插入新行 sequence 值的影响
（Recipe 11.3. The Effect of Row Deletions on Sequence Generation）
a、DBD engine，下一个序列值是当前最大序列值加1（例如删掉 id 为20，下次插入即为9）
b、MyISAM or InnoDB engine，永远不重复（例如删掉 id 为20，下次插入即为21）
查看表的 engine——示例
mysql> select engine from information_schema.tables -> where table_schema = 'cookbook' and table_name = 'insect'; +--------+ | engine | +--------+ | InnoDB | +--------+
7、获取序列的值
（Recipe 11.4. Retrieving Sequence Values）
Server-side—— select last_insert_id()示例
mysql> insert into insect(name,date,origin)
-> values('testLastInsert', '2011-08-25', 'testLastInsert');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> select last_insert_id();
+------------------+
| last_insert_id() |
+------------------+
| 21 |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from insect where id=last_insert_id();
+----+----------------+------------+----------------+
| id | name | date | origin |
+----+----------------+------------+----------------+
| 21 | testLastInsert | 2011-08-25 | testLastInsert |
+----+----------------+------------+----------------+LAST_INSERT_ID() 能保证在多用户多线程操作下获取的序列值是正确的（即，当前connection 最后插入行的序列值），因为它和底层的connection 关联。Client-side:
//Statement
Statement s = conn.createStatement ();
s.executeUpdate ("INSERT INTO insect (name,date,origin) VALUES('moth','2006-09-14','windowsill')");
long seq = ((com.mysql.jdbc.Statement) s).getLastInsertID ();
s.close ();
//PreparedStatement
PreparedStatement s = conn.prepareStatement ("INSERT INTO insect (name,date,origin) VALUES('moth','2006-09-14','windowsill')");
s.executeUpdate ();
long seq = ((com.mysql.jdbc.PreparedStatement) s).getLastInsertID ();
s.close ();推荐策略：如果后面需要序列值，则应在插入数据后即获取序列值保存着，以备后用！8、设定序列的初始值
For MyISAM or InnoDB tables
mysql> CREATE TABLE t -> (id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY (id)) -> AUTO_INCREMENT = 100; mysql> INSERT INTO t (id) VALUES(NULL); mysql> INSERT INTO t (id) VALUES(NULL); mysql> INSERT INTO t (id) VALUES(NULL); mysql> SELECT id FROM t ORDER BY id; +-----+ | id | +-----+ | 100 | | 101 | | 102 | +-----+或
mysql> CREATE TABLE t -> (id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY (id)); mysql> ALTER TABLE t AUTO_INCREMENT = 100; mysql> INSERT INTO t (id) VALUES(NULL); mysql> INSERT INTO t (id) VALUES(NULL); mysql> INSERT INTO t (id) VALUES(NULL); mysql> SELECT id FROM t ORDER BY id; +-----+ | id | +-----+ | 100 | | 101 | | 102 | +-----+To start a sequence at n for storage engines other than MyISAM or InnoDB, you can use a trick: insert a "fake" row with sequence value n -1, and then delete it after inserting one or more "real" rows. The following example illustrates how to
start a sequence at 100 for a BDB table:
mysql> CREATE TABLE t -> (id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY (id)) -> ENGINE = BDB; mysql> INSERT INTO t (id) VALUES(99); mysql> INSERT INTO t (id) VALUES(NULL); mysql> INSERT INTO t (id) VALUES(NULL); mysql> INSERT INTO t (id) VALUES(NULL); mysql> DELETE FROM t WHERE id = 99; mysql> SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY id; +-----+ | id | +-----+ | 100 | | 101 | | 102 | +-----+
9、创建多重序列
（Recipe 11.11. Using an AUTO_INCREMENT Column to Create Multiple Sequences）
注意：只适合 engine 为 MyISAM 和 BDB
创建时注意指定表的 engine，因为我的默认为 InnoDB
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS bug;
CREATE TABLE bug
(
id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL, # type of bug
date DATE NOT NULL, # date collected
origin VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL, # where collected
PRIMARY KEY (name, id)
)engine=myisam;
INSERT INTO bug (name,date,origin) VALUES
('ant','2006-10-07','kitchen'),
('millipede','2006-10-07','basement'),
('beetle','2006-10-07','basement'),
('ant','2006-10-07','front yard'),
('ant','2006-10-07','front yard'),
('honeybee','2006-10-08','back yard'),
('cricket','2006-10-08','garage'),
('beetle','2006-10-08','front yard'),
('termite','2006-10-09','kitchen woodwork'),
('cricket','2006-10-10','basement'),
('termite','2006-10-11','bathroom woodwork'),
('honeybee','2006-10-11','garden'),
('cricket','2006-10-11','garden'),
('ant','2006-10-11','garden')
;限制：a、AUTO_INCREMENT 列必须是定义索引的最后一个（如：PRIMARY KEY (name,
id)），主键是强制索引
b、PRIMARY KEY 不允许包含 NULL 列，如果非 ATUO_INCREMENT 列允许NULL，则应该用 UNIQUE 索引
mysql> SELECT * FROM bug ORDER BY name, id; +----+-----------+------------+-------------------+ | id | name | date | origin | +----+-----------+------------+-------------------+ | 1 | ant | 2006-10-07 | kitchen | | 2 | ant | 2006-10-07 | front yard | | 3 | ant | 2006-10-07 | front yard | | 4 | ant | 2006-10-11 | garden | | 1 | beetle | 2006-10-07 | basement | | 2 | beetle | 2006-10-08 | front yard | | 1 | cricket | 2006-10-08 | garage | | 2 | cricket | 2006-10-10 | basement | | 3 | cricket | 2006-10-11 | garden | | 1 | honeybee | 2006-10-08 | back yard | | 2 | honeybee | 2006-10-11 | garden | | 1 | millipede | 2006-10-07 | basement | | 1 | termite | 2006-10-09 | kitchen woodwork | | 2 | termite | 2006-10-11 | bathroom woodwork | +----+-----------+------------+-------------------+其他示例：
CREATE TABLE housewares ( category VARCHAR(3) NOT NULL, serial INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, country VARCHAR(2) NOT NULL, description VARCHAR(255), PRIMARY KEY (category, country, serial) );或
mysql> ALTER TABLE housewares -> ADD category VARCHAR(3) NOT NULL FIRST, -> ADD serial INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT AFTER category, -> ADD country VARCHAR(2) NOT NULL AFTER serial, -> ADD PRIMARY KEY (category, country, serial); mysql> UPDATE housewares SET category = LEFT(id,3); mysql> UPDATE housewares SET serial = MID(id,4,5); mysql> UPDATE housewares SET country = RIGHT(id,2); mysql> ALTER TABLE housewares DROP id; mysql> SELECT * FROM housewares; +----------+--------+---------+------------------+ | category | serial | country | description | +----------+--------+---------+------------------+ | DIN | 40672 | US | dining table | | KIT | 372 | UK | garbage disposal | | KIT | 1729 | JP | microwave oven | | BED | 38 | SG | bedside lamp | | BTH | 485 | US | shower stall | | BTH | 415 | JP | lavatory | +----------+--------+---------+------------------+指定排序
mysql> SELECT category, serial, country, -> CONCAT(category,LPAD(serial,5,'0'),country) AS id -> FROM housewares ORDER BY category, country, serial; +----------+--------+---------+------------+ | category | serial | country | id | +----------+--------+---------+------------+ | BED | 38 | SG | BED00038SG | | BTH | 415 | JP | BTH00415JP | | BTH | 485 | US | BTH00485US | | DIN | 40672 | US | DIN40672US | | KIT | 1729 | JP | KIT01729JP | | KIT | 372 | UK | KIT00372UK | +----------+--------+---------+------------+或修改 serial 的宽度为5，然后再直接连接排序
mysql> ALTER TABLE housewares -> MODIFY serial INT(5) UNSIGNED ZEROFILL NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;
mysql> SELECT category, serial, country, -> CONCAT(category,serial,country) AS id -> FROM housewares ORDER BY category, country, serial; +----------+--------+---------+------------+ | category | serial | country | id | +----------+--------+---------+------------+ | BED | 00038 | SG | BED00038SG | | BTH | 00415 | JP | BTH00415JP | | BTH | 00485 | US | BTH00485US | | DIN | 40672 | US | DIN40672US | | KIT | 01729 | JP | KIT01729JP | | KIT | 00372 | UK | KIT00372UK | +----------+--------+---------+------------+或些一个存储过程，调用存储过程
CREATE FUNCTION houseware_id(category VARCHAR(3), serial INT UNSIGNED, country VARCHAR(2)) RETURNS VARCHAR(10) DETERMINISTIC RETURN CONCAT(category,LPAD(serial,5,'0'),country);
mysql> SELECT category, serial, country, -> houseware_id(category,serial,country) AS id -> FROM housewares; +----------+--------+---------+------------+ | category | serial | country | id | +----------+--------+---------+------------+ | BED | 38 | SG | BED00038SG | | BTH | 415 | JP | BTH00415JP | | BTH | 485 | US | BTH00485US | | DIN | 40672 | US | DIN40672US | | KIT | 1729 | JP | KIT01729JP | | KIT | 372 | UK | KIT00372UK | +----------+--------+---------+------------+
10、使用序列产生计数器
（Recipe 11.14. Using Sequence Generators as Counters）
CREATE TABLE booksales ( title VARCHAR(60) NOT NULL, # book title copies INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL, # number of copies sold PRIMARY KEY (title) );a、一般的做法：初始化设置为0，以后更新时加 1。
INSERT INTO booksales (title,copies) VALUES('The Greater Trumps',0);
UPDATE booksales SET copies = copies+1 WHERE title = 'The Greater Trumps';b、或使用 INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE 语句：INSERT INTO booksales (title,copies)
VALUES('The Greater Trumps',1)
ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE copies = copies+1;获取更新的值：SELECT copies FROM booksales WHERE title = 'The Greater Trumps';缺陷：
在多用户多线程的情况下，用户A 完成更新在取值查询开始前，用户B执行了更新，这样用户A 查询的数据就错误了！
修改：使用LAST_INSERT_ID(expr) 函数，保证数据一致性
INSERT INTO booksales (title,copies)
VALUES('The Greater Trumps',LAST_INSERT_ID(1))
ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE copies = LAST_INSERT_ID(copies+1);这样每次都执行该语句，第一次是插入操作，以后是更新操作。获取插入/更新后的值：
Server-side:
SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID();
Client-side:
Statement s = conn.createStatement ();
s.executeUpdate (
"INSERT INTO booksales (title,copies)"
+ " VALUES('The Greater Trumps',LAST_INSERT_ID(1))"
+ " ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE copies = LAST_INSERT_ID(copies+1)");
long count = ((com.mysql.jdbc.Statement) s).getLastInsertID ();
s.close ();
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