dynamic linked library on linux
2010-12-26 20:49
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i copy the linux man page to address how to use dynamic linked library in linux
the main functions are:
#include <dlfcn.h>
void *dlopen(const char *filename, int
flag);
char *dlerror(void);
void *dlsym(void *handle, const char *symbol);
int dlclose(void *handle);
dlopen(), dlsym() or dlclose() since the last call to
dlerror(). It returns NULL if no errors have occurred since initialization or since it was last called.
filename and returns an opaque "handle" for the dynamic library. If
filename is NULL, then the returned handle is for the main program. If filename contains a slash ("/"), then it is interpreted as a (relative or absolute) pathname. Otherwise, the dynamic linker searches for the library as follows (see
ld.so(8) for further details):
o (ELF only) If the executable file for the calling program contains a DT_RPATH tag, and does not contain a DT_RUNPATH tag, then the directories listed in the DT_RPATH tag are searched.
o If the environment variable LD_LIBRARY_PATH is defined to contain a colon-separated list of directories, then these are searched. (As a security measure this variable is ignored for set-user-ID and set-group-ID programs.)
o (ELF only) If the executable file for the calling program contains a DT_RUNPATH tag, then the directories listed in that tag are searched.
o The cache file /etc/ld.so.cache (maintained by ldconfig(8)) is checked to see whether it contains an entry for
filename. o The directories /lib and /usr/lib are searched (in that order).
If the library has dependencies on other shared libraries, then these are also automatically loaded by the dynamic linker using the same rules. (This process may occur recursively, if those libraries in turn have dependencies, and so on.)
One of the following two values must be included in flag:
RTLD_LAZY Perform lazy binding. Only resolve symbols as the code that references them is executed. If the symbol is never referenced, then it is never resolved. (Lazy binding is only performed for function references; references to variables are always immediately
bound when the library is loaded.) RTLD_NOW If this value is specified, or the environment variable LD_BIND_NOW is set to a non-empty string, all undefined symbols in the library are resolved before
dlopen() returns. If this cannot be done, an error is returned.
Zero of more of the following values may also be ORed in flag:
RTLD_GLOBAL The symbols defined by this library will be made available for symbol resolution of subsequently loaded libraries.
RTLD_LOCAL This is the converse of RTLD_GLOBAL, and the default if neither flag is specified. Symbols defined in this library are not made available to resolve references in subsequently loaded libraries.
RTLD_NODELETE (since glibc 2.2) Do not unload the library during dlclose(). Consequently, the library's static variables are not reinitialised if the library is reloaded with
dlopen() at a later time. This flag is not specified in POSIX.1-2001.
RTLD_NOLOAD (since glibc 2.2) Don't load the library. This can be used to test if the library is already resident (dlopen() returns NULL if it is not, or the library's handle if it is resident). This flag can also be used to promote the flags on a library that is already
loaded. For example, a library that was previously loaded with RTLD_LOCAL can be re-opened with
RTLD_NOLOAD | RTLD_GLOBAL. This flag is not specified in POSIX.1-2001.
RTLD_DEEPBIND (since glibc 2.3.4) Place the lookup scope of the symbols in this library ahead of the global scope. This means that a self-contained library will use its own symbols in preference to global symbols with the same name contained in libraries that have already been loaded. This
flag is not specified in POSIX.1-2001.
If filename is a NULL pointer, then the returned handle is for the main program. When given to
dlsym(), this handle causes a search for a symbol in the main program, followed by all shared libraries loaded at program startup, and then all shared libraries loaded by
dlopen() with the flag RTLD_GLOBAL.
External references in the library are resolved using the libraries in that library's dependency list and any other libraries previously opened with the
RTLD_GLOBAL flag. If the executable was linked with the flag "-rdynamic" (or, synonymously, "--export-dynamic"), then the global symbols in the executable will also be used to resolve references in a dynamically loaded library.
If the same library is loaded again with dlopen(), the same file handle is returned. The dl library maintains reference counts for library handles, so a dynamic library is not deallocated until
dlclose() has been called on it as many times as dlopen() has succeeded on it. The
_init routine, if present, is only called once. But a subsequent call with
RTLD_NOW may force symbol resolution for a library earlier loaded with
RTLD_LAZY.
If dlopen() fails for any reason, it returns NULL.
dlopen() and the null-terminated symbol name, returning the address where that symbol is loaded into memory. If the symbol is not found, in the specified library or any of the libraries that were automatically loaded by
dlopen() when that library was loaded, dlsym() returns NULL. (The search performed by
dlsym() is breadth first through the dependency tree of these libraries.) Since the value of the symbol could actually be NULL (so that a NULL return from
dlsym() need not indicate an error), the correct way to test for an error is to call
dlerror() to clear any old error conditions, then call dlsym(), and then call
dlerror() again, saving its return value into a variable, and check whether this saved value is not NULL.
There are two special pseudo-handles, RTLD_DEFAULT and
RTLD_NEXT. The former will find the first occurrence of the desired symbol using the default library search order. The latter will find the next occurrence of a function in the search order after the current library. This allows one to provide a wrapper
around a function in another shared library.
handle. If the reference count drops to zero and no other loaded libraries use symbols in it, then the dynamic library is unloaded.
The function dlclose() returns 0 on success, and non-zero on error.
If this program were in a file named "foo.c", you would build the program with the following command:
gcc -rdynamic -o foo foo.c -ldl
Libraries exporting _init() and _fini() will want to be compiled as follows, using bar.c as the example name:
gcc -shared -nostartfiles -o bar bar.c
the main functions are:
#include <dlfcn.h>
void *dlopen(const char *filename, int
flag);
char *dlerror(void);
void *dlsym(void *handle, const char *symbol);
int dlclose(void *handle);
dlerror
The function dlerror() returns a human readable string describing the most recent error that occurred fromdlopen(), dlsym() or dlclose() since the last call to
dlerror(). It returns NULL if no errors have occurred since initialization or since it was last called.
dlopen
The function dlopen() loads the dynamic library file named by the null-terminated stringfilename and returns an opaque "handle" for the dynamic library. If
filename is NULL, then the returned handle is for the main program. If filename contains a slash ("/"), then it is interpreted as a (relative or absolute) pathname. Otherwise, the dynamic linker searches for the library as follows (see
ld.so(8) for further details):
o (ELF only) If the executable file for the calling program contains a DT_RPATH tag, and does not contain a DT_RUNPATH tag, then the directories listed in the DT_RPATH tag are searched.
o If the environment variable LD_LIBRARY_PATH is defined to contain a colon-separated list of directories, then these are searched. (As a security measure this variable is ignored for set-user-ID and set-group-ID programs.)
o (ELF only) If the executable file for the calling program contains a DT_RUNPATH tag, then the directories listed in that tag are searched.
o The cache file /etc/ld.so.cache (maintained by ldconfig(8)) is checked to see whether it contains an entry for
filename. o The directories /lib and /usr/lib are searched (in that order).
If the library has dependencies on other shared libraries, then these are also automatically loaded by the dynamic linker using the same rules. (This process may occur recursively, if those libraries in turn have dependencies, and so on.)
One of the following two values must be included in flag:
RTLD_LAZY Perform lazy binding. Only resolve symbols as the code that references them is executed. If the symbol is never referenced, then it is never resolved. (Lazy binding is only performed for function references; references to variables are always immediately
bound when the library is loaded.) RTLD_NOW If this value is specified, or the environment variable LD_BIND_NOW is set to a non-empty string, all undefined symbols in the library are resolved before
dlopen() returns. If this cannot be done, an error is returned.
Zero of more of the following values may also be ORed in flag:
RTLD_GLOBAL The symbols defined by this library will be made available for symbol resolution of subsequently loaded libraries.
RTLD_LOCAL This is the converse of RTLD_GLOBAL, and the default if neither flag is specified. Symbols defined in this library are not made available to resolve references in subsequently loaded libraries.
RTLD_NODELETE (since glibc 2.2) Do not unload the library during dlclose(). Consequently, the library's static variables are not reinitialised if the library is reloaded with
dlopen() at a later time. This flag is not specified in POSIX.1-2001.
RTLD_NOLOAD (since glibc 2.2) Don't load the library. This can be used to test if the library is already resident (dlopen() returns NULL if it is not, or the library's handle if it is resident). This flag can also be used to promote the flags on a library that is already
loaded. For example, a library that was previously loaded with RTLD_LOCAL can be re-opened with
RTLD_NOLOAD | RTLD_GLOBAL. This flag is not specified in POSIX.1-2001.
RTLD_DEEPBIND (since glibc 2.3.4) Place the lookup scope of the symbols in this library ahead of the global scope. This means that a self-contained library will use its own symbols in preference to global symbols with the same name contained in libraries that have already been loaded. This
flag is not specified in POSIX.1-2001.
If filename is a NULL pointer, then the returned handle is for the main program. When given to
dlsym(), this handle causes a search for a symbol in the main program, followed by all shared libraries loaded at program startup, and then all shared libraries loaded by
dlopen() with the flag RTLD_GLOBAL.
External references in the library are resolved using the libraries in that library's dependency list and any other libraries previously opened with the
RTLD_GLOBAL flag. If the executable was linked with the flag "-rdynamic" (or, synonymously, "--export-dynamic"), then the global symbols in the executable will also be used to resolve references in a dynamically loaded library.
If the same library is loaded again with dlopen(), the same file handle is returned. The dl library maintains reference counts for library handles, so a dynamic library is not deallocated until
dlclose() has been called on it as many times as dlopen() has succeeded on it. The
_init routine, if present, is only called once. But a subsequent call with
RTLD_NOW may force symbol resolution for a library earlier loaded with
RTLD_LAZY.
If dlopen() fails for any reason, it returns NULL.
dlsym
The function dlsym() takes a "handle" of a dynamic library returned bydlopen() and the null-terminated symbol name, returning the address where that symbol is loaded into memory. If the symbol is not found, in the specified library or any of the libraries that were automatically loaded by
dlopen() when that library was loaded, dlsym() returns NULL. (The search performed by
dlsym() is breadth first through the dependency tree of these libraries.) Since the value of the symbol could actually be NULL (so that a NULL return from
dlsym() need not indicate an error), the correct way to test for an error is to call
dlerror() to clear any old error conditions, then call dlsym(), and then call
dlerror() again, saving its return value into a variable, and check whether this saved value is not NULL.
There are two special pseudo-handles, RTLD_DEFAULT and
RTLD_NEXT. The former will find the first occurrence of the desired symbol using the default library search order. The latter will find the next occurrence of a function in the search order after the current library. This allows one to provide a wrapper
around a function in another shared library.
dlclose
The function dlclose() decrements the reference count on the dynamic library handlehandle. If the reference count drops to zero and no other loaded libraries use symbols in it, then the dynamic library is unloaded.
The function dlclose() returns 0 on success, and non-zero on error.
Example
Load the math library, and print the cosine of 2.0:#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <dlfcn.h> int main(int argc, char **argv) { void *handle; double (*cosine)(double); char *error; handle = dlopen ("libm.so", RTLD_LAZY); if (!handle) { fprintf (stderr, "%s/n", dlerror()); exit(1); } dlerror(); /* Clear any existing error */ cosine = dlsym(handle, "cos"); if ((error = dlerror()) != NULL) { fprintf (stderr, "%s/n", error); exit(1); } printf ("%f/n", (*cosine)(2.0)); dlclose(handle); return 0;
}
If this program were in a file named "foo.c", you would build the program with the following command:
gcc -rdynamic -o foo foo.c -ldl
Libraries exporting _init() and _fini() will want to be compiled as follows, using bar.c as the example name:
gcc -shared -nostartfiles -o bar bar.c
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