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详解W3C标准:html 4.01中的lang属性——实际上它是一个刮胡刀

2010-01-22 16:56 686 查看
在HTML和XHTML中的lang属性使用什么值呢?

是使用zh-CN、zh-Hans还是zh-Hans-CN?

是使用zh-CN还是zh-cn,是否区分大小写?

是使用yue-Hans还是zh-yue-Hans呢?

为什么浏览器中一直使用zh-cn?

这是一段HTML 4.01代码:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">

<html lang="zh-CN">

<head>

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8">

<title>实际上它是一个刮胡刀</title>

</head>

<body>

<p lang="zh-CN">它是一个刮胡刀

</p>

<p lang="yue-Hans">佢系一个须刨嚟嘅

</p>

</body>

</html>





先看W3C HTML 4.01标准:

HTML 4.01 Specification(W3C Recommendation 24 December 1999) :http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/#toc

第6章(Basic HTML data types)——第8节(Language codes):http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/types.html#h-6.8

原文如下:


6.8 Language codes

The value of attributes whose type is a language code ( %LanguageCode in the DTD) refers to a language code as specified by [RFC1766], section 2. For information on specifying language codes in HTML, please consult the section on language codes. Whitespace is not allowed within the language-code.

Language codes are case-insensitive.


W3C的规定是:HTML 4.01中的lang的属性值使用RFC1766中的定义值。HTML 4.01的语言代码不区分大小写。

详细信息: http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/struct/dirlang.html#langcodes

原文如下:


8.1.1 Language codes

The lang attribute's value is a language code that identifies a natural language spoken, written, or otherwise used for the communication of information among people. Computer languages are explicitly excluded from language codes.

[RFC1766] defines and explains the language codes that must be used in HTML documents.

Briefly, language codes consist of a primary code and a possibly empty series of subcodes:

language-code = primary-code ( "-" subcode )*


Here are some sample language codes:

"en": English

"en-US": the U.S. version of English.

"en-cockney": the Cockney version of English.

"i-navajo": the Navajo language spoken by some Native Americans.

"x-klingon": The primary tag "x" indicates an experimental language tag

Two-letter primary codes are reserved for [ISO639] language abbreviations. Two-letter codes include fr (French), de (German), it (Italian), nl (Dutch), el (Greek), es (Spanish), pt (Portuguese), ar (Arabic), he (Hebrew), ru (Russian), zh (Chinese), ja (Japanese), hi (Hindi), ur (Urdu), and sa (Sanskrit).

Any two-letter subcode is understood to be a [ISO3166] country code.


即:

lang的属性值表示语言代码,定义了人们之间通过说话、书写或其他方式进行交流的语言。

RFC1766 定义了HTML中必须使用的语言代码 。

语言代码包括一个主代码和一系列子代码,主代码必须使用,子代码可以不使用。

格式为:主代码、主代码-子代码、主代码-子代码-子代码、……

例如:en表示英语,en-US表示美国英语。

2个字母的主代码按照ISO639的规定执行,包括fr (French), de (German), it (Italian), nl (Dutch), el (Greek), es (Spanish), pt (Portuguese), ar (Arabic), he (Hebrew), ru (Russian), zh (Chinese), ja (Japanese), hi (Hindi), ur (Urdu), and sa (Sanskrit)。

2个字母的子代码与ISO3166国家代码一致。

下面先来看 RFC1766:http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1766.txt

RFC1766由互联网工程工作小组(The Internet Engineering Task Force ,IETF)发行,网站http://www.ietf.org/

RFC1766的意思是:

主语言标签:

2个字母的主语言标签与ISO标准639一致("Code for the representation of names of languages" [ISO 639]),不允许使用标准以外的其他值。

第一个子语言标签:

2个字母的子语言标签与ISO 3166 alpha-2(2个字母的代码表)一致。

3到8个字母的子语言标签按照IANA的登记执行,按照第5章的说明进行使用。


NOTE: The ISO 639/ISO 3166 convention is that language names are

written in lower case, while country codes are written in upper case.

This convention is recommended, but not enforced; the tags are case

insensitive.


注意:ISO 639和ISO 3166约定语言名称使用小写,国家代码使用大写。这是一个推荐使用的惯例,并不是强制要求;语言代码是不区分大小写的。

再来看ISO639:

[ISO639]"Codes for the representation of names of languages", ISO 639:1988. For more information, consult http://www.iso.ch/cate/d4766.html. Refer also to http://www.oasis-open.org/cover/iso639a.html.

按照维基百科(http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/ISO_639)的资料: ISO 639 是数个由国际标准化组织(ISO)为各语言所订定的语言代码。

此标准还在持续更新。

1988年的ISO 639标准:http://ftp.ics.uci.edu/pub/ietf/http/related/iso639.txt


Technical contents of ISO 639:1988 (E/F)

"Code for the representation of names of languages".

Typed by Keld.Simonsen@dkuug.dk 1990-11-30 <ftp://dkuug.dk/i18n/ISO_639>

Minor corrections, 1992-09-08 by Keld Simonsen

Sundanese corrected, 1992-11-11 by Keld Simonsen

Telugu corrected, 1995-08-24 by Keld Simonsen

Hebrew, Indonesian, Yiddish corrected 1995-10-10 by Michael Everson

Inuktitut, Uighur, Zhuang added 1995-10-10 by Michael Everson

Sinhalese corrected, 1995-10-10 by Michael Everson

Faeroese corrected to Faroese, 1995-11-18 by Keld Simonsen

Sangro corrected to Sangho, 1996-07-28 by Keld Simonsen

Two-letter lower-case symbols are used.

The Registration Authority for ISO 639 is Infoterm, Osterreichisches

Normungsinstitut (ON), Postfach 130, A-1021 Vienna, Austria.

aa Afar

ab Abkhazian

af Afrikaans

am Amharic

ar Arabic

as Assamese

ay Aymara

az Azerbaijani

ba Bashkir

be Byelorussian

bg Bulgarian

bh Bihari

bi Bislama

bn Bengali; Bangla

bo Tibetan

br Breton

ca Catalan

co Corsican

cs Czech

cy Welsh

da Danish

de German

dz Bhutani

el Greek

en English

eo Esperanto

es Spanish

et Estonian

eu Basque

fa Persian

fi Finnish

fj Fiji

fo Faroese

fr French

fy Frisian

ga Irish

gd Scots Gaelic

gl Galician

gn Guarani

gu Gujarati

ha Hausa

he Hebrew (formerly iw)

hi Hindi

hr Croatian

hu Hungarian

hy Armenian

ia Interlingua

id Indonesian (formerly in)

ie Interlingue

ik Inupiak

is Icelandic

it Italian

iu Inuktitut

ja Japanese

jw Javanese

ka Georgian

kk Kazakh

kl Greenlandic

km Cambodian

kn Kannada

ko Korean

ks Kashmiri

ku Kurdish

ky Kirghiz

la Latin

ln Lingala

lo Laothian

lt Lithuanian

lv Latvian, Lettish

mg Malagasy

mi Maori

mk Macedonian

ml Malayalam

mn Mongolian

mo Moldavian

mr Marathi

ms Malay

mt Maltese

my Burmese

na Nauru

ne Nepali

nl Dutch

no Norwegian

oc Occitan

om (Afan) Oromo

or Oriya

pa Punjabi

pl Polish

ps Pashto, Pushto

pt Portuguese

qu Quechua

rm Rhaeto-Romance

rn Kirundi

ro Romanian

ru Russian

rw Kinyarwanda

sa Sanskrit

sd Sindhi

sg Sangho

sh Serbo-Croatian

si Sinhalese

sk Slovak

sl Slovenian

sm Samoan

sn Shona

so Somali

sq Albanian

sr Serbian

ss Siswati

st Sesotho

su Sundanese

sv Swedish

sw Swahili

ta Tamil

te Telugu

tg Tajik

th Thai

ti Tigrinya

tk Turkmen

tl Tagalog

tn Setswana

to Tonga

tr Turkish

ts Tsonga

tt Tatar

tw Twi

ug Uighur

uk Ukrainian

ur Urdu

uz Uzbek

vi Vietnamese

vo Volapuk

wo Wolof

xh Xhosa

yi Yiddish (formerly ji)

yo Yoruba

za Zhuang

zh Chinese

zu Zulu


到这里,主代码primary-code即语种的名称的标准找到了。

下面开始找子代码subcode。

[ISO3166]"Codes for the representation of names of countries", ISO 3166:1993.

按照维基百科的资料(http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/ISO_3166) :

国际标准化组织的ISO 3166国际标准针对国家和地区编代码,有三部份:

* ISO 3166-1有国际标准化组织(ISO)的标准国家代码。有二位字母代码、三位字母代码、以及三位数字代码。1974年首次出版。

* ISO 3166-2定义国家或地区的主要行政区代码。

* ISO 3166-3定义被取代的ISO 3166-1代码的代码。1998年首次出版。


开始看ISO 3166 alpha-2(2个字母的代码表):

当时HTML 4.01采用的是ISO 3166:1993,内容如下:http://xml.coverpages.org/country3166.html


Country Code List: ISO 3166-1993 (E)

This international standard provides a two-letter alphabetic code for representing the names of countries, dependencies, and other areas of special geopolitical interest. The source of this code set is the "Codes for the Representation of Names of Countries (ISO 3166-1993 (E))." Note: 2005-04 correction, Nambia --> Namibia. It is available from:

American National Standards Institute, Inc.

11 West 42nd Street, 13th floor

New York, New York 10036
CodeDefinition and Explanation
ADAndorra
AEUnited Arab Emirates
AFAfghanistan
AGAntigua & Barbuda
AIAnguilla
ALAlbania
AMArmenia
ANNetherlands Antilles
AOAngola
AQAntarctica
ARArgentina
ASAmerican Samoa
ATAustria
AUAustralia
AWAruba
AZAzerbaijan
BABosnia and Herzegovina
BBBarbados
BDBangladesh
BEBelgium
BFBurkina Faso
BGBulgaria
BHBahrain
BIBurundi
BJBenin
BMBermuda
BNBrunei Darussalam
BOBolivia
BRBrazil
BSBahama
BTBhutan
BUBurma (no longer exists)
BVBouvet Island
BWBotswana
BYBelarus
BZBelize
CACanada
CCCocos (Keeling) Islands
CFCentral African Republic
CGCongo
CHSwitzerland
CICôte D'ivoire (Ivory Coast)
CKCook Iislands
CLChile
CMCameroon
CNChina
COColombia
CRCosta Rica
CSCzechoslovakia (no longer exists)
CUCuba
CVCape Verde
CXChristmas Island
CYCyprus
CZCzech Republic
DDGerman Democratic Republic (no longer exists)
DEGermany
DJDjibouti
DKDenmark
DMDominica
DODominican Republic
DZAlgeria
ECEcuador
EEEstonia
EGEgypt
EHWestern Sahara
EREritrea
ESSpain
ETEthiopia
FIFinland
FJFiji
FKFalkland Islands (Malvinas)
FMMicronesia
FOFaroe Islands
FRFrance
FXFrance, Metropolitan
GAGabon
GBUnited Kingdom (Great Britain)
GDGrenada
GEGeorgia
GFFrench Guiana
GHGhana
GIGibraltar
GLGreenland
GMGambia
GNGuinea
GPGuadeloupe
GQEquatorial Guinea
GRGreece
GSSouth Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
GTGuatemala
GUGuam
GWGuinea-Bissau
GYGuyana
HKHong Kong
HMHeard & McDonald Islands
HNHonduras
HRCroatia
HTHaiti
HUHungary
IDIndonesia
IEIreland
ILIsrael
INIndia
IOBritish Indian Ocean Territory
IQIraq
IRIslamic Republic of Iran
ISIceland
ITItaly
JMJamaica
JOJordan
JPJapan
KEKenya
KGKyrgyzstan
KHCambodia
KIKiribati
KMComoros
KNSt. Kitts and Nevis
KPKorea, Democratic People's Republic of
KRKorea, Republic of
KWKuwait
KYCayman Islands
KZKazakhstan
LALao People's Democratic Republic
LBLebanon
LCSaint Lucia
LILiechtenstein
LKSri Lanka
LRLiberia
LSLesotho
LTLithuania
LULuxembourg
LVLatvia
LYLibyan Arab Jamahiriya
MAMorocco
MCMonaco
MDMoldova, Republic of
MGMadagascar
MHMarshall Islands
MLMali
MNMongolia
MMMyanmar
MOMacau
MPNorthern Mariana Islands
MQMartinique
MRMauritania
MSMonserrat
MTMalta
MUMauritius
MVMaldives
MWMalawi
MXMexico
MYMalaysia
MZMozambique
NANamibia
NCNew Caledonia
NENiger
NFNorfolk Island
NGNigeria
NINicaragua
NLNetherlands
NONorway
NPNepal
NRNauru
NTNeutral Zone (no longer exists)
NUNiue
NZNew Zealand
OMOman
PAPanama
PEPeru
PFFrench Polynesia
PGPapua New Guinea
PHPhilippines
PKPakistan
PLPoland
PMSt. Pierre & Miquelon
PNPitcairn
PRPuerto Rico
PTPortugal
PWPalau
PYParaguay
QAQatar
RERéunion
RORomania
RURussian Federation
RWRwanda
SASaudi Arabia
SBSolomon Islands
SCSeychelles
SDSudan
SESweden
SGSingapore
SHSt. Helena
SISlovenia
SJSvalbard & Jan Mayen Islands
SKSlovakia
SLSierra Leone
SMSan Marino
SNSenegal
SOSomalia
SRSuriname
STSao Tome & Principe
SUUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics (no longer exists)
SVEl Salvador
SYSyrian Arab Republic
SZSwaziland
TCTurks & Caicos Islands
TDChad
TFFrench Southern Territories
TGTogo
THThailand
TJTajikistan
TKTokelau
TMTurkmenistan
TNTunisia
TOTonga
TPEast Timor
TRTurkey
TTTrinidad & Tobago
TVTuvalu
TWTaiwan, Province of China
TZTanzania, United Republic of
UAUkraine
UGUganda
UMUnited States Minor Outlying Islands
USUnited States of America
UYUruguay
UZUzbekistan
VAVatican City State (Holy See)
VCSt. Vincent & the Grenadines
VEVenezuela
VGBritish Virgin Islands
VIUnited States Virgin Islands
VNViet Nam
VUVanuatu
WFWallis & Futuna Islands
WSSamoa
YDDemocratic Yemen (no longer exists)
YEYemen
YTMayotte
YUYugoslavia
ZASouth Africa
ZMZambia
ZRZaire
ZWZimbabwe
ZZUnknown or unspecified country

根据ISO提供的信息(http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=22748),ISO 3166:1993已被ISO 3166-1取代。

http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/ISO_3166-1可以看到ISO 3166-1的国家和地区代码表,其中CN表示China,HK表示香港。

到这里,2个字母的子代码也清楚了。

下面开始“3到8个字母的子语言标签按照IANA的登记执行,按照第5章的说明进行使用。”

第5章的原文如下:


5. IANA registration procedure for language tags

Any language tag must start with an existing tag, and extend it.

This registration form should be used by anyone who wants to use a

language tag not defined by ISO or IANA.

Alvestrand [Page 7]

RFC 1766 Language Tag March 1995

----------------------------------------------------------------------

LANGUAGE TAG REGISTRATION FORM

Name of requester :

E-mail address of requester:

Tag to be registered :

English name of language :

Native name of language (transcribed into ASCII):

Reference to published description of the language (book or article):

----------------------------------------------------------------------

The language form must be sent to <ietf-types@uninett.no> for a 2-

week review period before submitting it to IANA. (This is an open

list. Requests to be added should be sent to <ietf-types-

request@uninett.no>.)

When the two week period has passed, the language tag reviewer, who

is appointed by the IETF Applications Area Director, either forwards

the request to IANA@ISI.EDU, or rejects it because of significant

objections raised on the list.

Decisions made by the reviewer may be appealed to the IESG.

All registered forms are available online in the directory
 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/languages/



根据第5章的内容,并没有说明3到8个字母的代码表在哪里?

查得IANA(互联网地址指派机构,Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) ,网站是:http://www.iana.org/

根据维基百科(http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IANA)的资料:

IANA是英文Internet Assigned Numbers Authority的缩写,即Internet号码分配局,是互联网地址指派机构,是在国际互联网中使用的IP地址、域名和许多其它参数的管理机构。IP地址、自治系统成员以及许多顶级和二级域名分配的日常职责由国际互联网注册中心(IR)和地区注册中心承担。


查得iana language subtag,在这里:http://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry

引用部分内容如下:


%%

Type: redundant

Tag: zh-Hans

Description: simplified Chinese

Added: 2003-05-30

%%

Type: redundant

Tag: zh-Hans-CN

Description: PRC Mainland Chinese in simplified script

Added: 2005-04-13

%%

Type: redundant

Tag: zh-Hans-HK

Description: Hong Kong Chinese in simplified script

Added: 2005-04-11


标签zh-Hans是在2003-05-30添加的,表示“简体中文”(西方说法)或者称为“规范汉字”(东方说法)。

标签zh-Hans-CN是在2005-04-13添加的,表示“以简体中文格式书写的PRC Mainland用语” 。

标签zh-Hans-HK表示“以简体中文格式书写的香港地区用语”。

到这里,3到8个字母的子代码也明白。

结论是:

按照ISO国际标准,使用zh-CN、zh-HK。按惯例是语言种类小写(如zh) ,国家和地区代码大写(如CN),不作强制要求。

ISO是国际标准,跟着ISO走,你不会错的。各个浏览器也都是这么干的。

IANA的语言代码更新快,但是影响力不如ISO,各个浏览器都不采用。按照W3C的HTML 4.01规范,可以使用IANA的语言代码。所以如果你认可IANA的新代码,用吧,也是符合W3C的,zh-Hans也是对的。

下面请看各个浏览器支持的语言代码截图:







到这里,HTML 4.01中的lang属性值问题得以解决。

XHTML 1.0中的语言应该使用什么属性值,下次再说。虽然XHTML2已经停止了,不过HTML5的lang可能是在XHTML的基础上再扩充。



下面是相关的问题,有空再说。


%%

Type: redundant

Tag: zh-yue

Description: Cantonese

Added: 1999-12-18

Deprecated: 2009-07-29

Preferred-Value: yue



IANA极不赞成使用zh-yue,优先使用yue。

但是ISO 639-2和ISO 639-3都没有把yue作为单独的语言,看来浏览器也不会支持了。

http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/ISO_639-2%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%E8%A1%A8

http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/ISO_639-3

关于“粤语是汉语族下属的一门语言”和“粤语是汉语的一种方言”的介绍,请看:http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD


%%

Type: language

Subtag: cmn

Description: Mandarin Chinese

Added: 2009-07-29

Macrolanguage: zh

%%

Type: grandfathered

Tag: zh-guoyu

Description: Mandarin or Standard Chinese

Added: 1999-12-18

Deprecated: 2005-07-15

Preferred-Value: cmn



ISO 639规定的是语言代码,那么其中的zh应表示汉语,汉语又分为“发音”与“文字”。关于“发音”与“文字”的问题,有空再谈。

IANA的记录表明:zh-guoyu表示“现代标准汉语”,但已不赞成使用,优先使用cmn表示“现代标准汉语”。

联合国的官方语言有6种:阿拉伯语 · 汉语 · 英语 · 法语 · 俄语 · 西班牙语。

现代标准汉语包括:普通话、国语、华语。详细内容请看:http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E
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