oracle常用经典SQL查询
2009-05-29 21:48
561 查看
oracle
常用经典
SQL
查询
常用
SQL
查询:
1
、查看表空间的名称及大小
select t.tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size
from dba_tablespaces t, dba_data_files d
where t.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name
group by t.tablespace_name;
2
、查看表空间物理文件的名称及大小
select tablespace_name, file_id, file_name,
round(bytes/(1024*1024),0) total_space
from dba_data_files
order by tablespace_name;
3
、查看回滚段名称及大小
select segment_name, tablespace_name, r.status,
(initial_extent/1024) InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent,
max_extents, v.curext CurExtent
From dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v
Where r.segment_id = v.usn(+)
order by segment_name;
4
、查看控制文件
select name from v$controlfile;
5
、查看日志文件
select member from v$logfile;
6
、查看表空间的使用情况
select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name
from dba_free_space
group by tablespace_name;
SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE,
(B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE"
FROM SYS.SM$TS_AVAIL A,SYS.SM$TS_USED B,SYS.SM$TS_FREE C
WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME;
7
、查看数据库
库对象
select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner, object_type, status;
8
、查看数据库的版本
Select version FROM Product_component_version
Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)='Oracle';
9
、查看数据库的创建日期和归档方式
Select Created, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database;
10
、捕捉运行很久的
SQL
column username format a12
column opname format a16
column progress format a8
select username,sid,opname,
round(sofar*100 / totalwork,0) || '%' as progress,
time_remaining,sql_text
from v$session_longops , v$sql
where time_remaining <> 0
and sql_address = address
and sql_hash_value = hash_value
/
11
。查看数据表的参数信息
SELECT
partition_name, high_value, high_value_length, tablespace_name,
pct_free, pct_used, ini_trans, max_trans, initial_extent,
next_extent, min_extent, max_extent, pct_increase, FREELISTS,
freelist_groups, LOGGING, BUFFER_POOL, num_rows, blocks,
empty_blocks, avg_space, chain_cnt, avg_row_len, sample_size,
last_analyzed
FROM dba_tab_partitions
--WHERE table_name = :tname AND table_owner = :towner
ORDER BY partition_position
12.
查看还没提交的事务
select * from v$locked_object;
select * from v$transaction;
13
。查找
object
为哪些进程所用
select
p.spid,
s.sid,
s.serial# serial_num,
s.username user_name,
a.type
object_type,
s.osuser os_user_name,
a.owner,
a.object object_name,
decode(sign(48 - command),
1,
to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,
p.program oracle_process,
s.terminal terminal,
s.program program,
s.status session_status
from v$session s, v$access a, v$process p
where s.paddr = p.addr and
s.type = 'USER' and
a.sid = s.sid
and
a.object='SUBSCRIBER_ATTR'
order by s.username, s.osuser
14
。回滚段查看
select rownum, sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name Name, v$rollstat.extents
Extents, v$rollstat.rssize Size_in_Bytes, v$rollstat.xacts XActs,
v$rollstat.gets Gets, v$rollstat.waits Waits, v$rollstat.writes Writes,
sys.dba_rollback_segs.status status from v$rollstat, sys.dba_rollback_segs,
v$rollname where v$rollname.name(+) = sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name and
v$rollstat.usn (+) = v$rollname.usn order by rownum
15
。耗资源的进程(
top session
)
select s.schemaname schema_name,
decode(sign(48 - command), 1,
to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,
status
session_status,
s.osuser os_user_name,
s.sid,
p.spid ,
s.serial# serial_num,
nvl(s.username, '[Oracle process]') user_name,
s.terminal terminal,
s.program program,
st.value criteria_value
from v$sesstat st,
v$session s
, v$process p
where st.sid = s.sid and
st.statistic# = to_number('38') and
('ALL' = 'ALL'
or s.status = 'ALL') and p.addr = s.paddr order by st.value desc,
p.spid asc, s.username asc, s.osuser asc
16
。查看锁(
lock
)情况
select /*+ RULE */ ls.osuser os_user_name,
ls.username user_name,
decode(ls.type, 'RW', 'Row wait enqueue lock', 'TM', 'DML enqueue lock', 'TX',
'Transaction enqueue lock', 'UL', 'User supplied lock') lock_type,
o.object_name object,
decode(ls.lmode, 1, null, 2, 'Row Share', 3,
'Row Exclusive', 4, 'Share', 5, 'Share Row Exclusive', 6, 'Exclusive', null)
lock_mode,
o.owner,
ls.sid,
ls.serial# serial_num,
ls.id1,
ls.id2
from sys.dba_objects o, (
select s.osuser,
s.username,
l.type,
l.lmode,
s.sid,
s.serial#,
l.id1,
l.id2
from v$session s,
v$lock l
where s.sid = l.sid ) ls
where o.object_id = ls.id1 and
o.owner
<> 'SYS'
order by o.owner, o.object_name
17
。查看等待(
wait
)情况
SELECT v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count count, SUM(v$sysstat.value) sum_value
FROM v$waitstat, v$sysstat WHERE v$sysstat.name IN ('db block gets',
'consistent gets') group by v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count
18
。查看
sga
情况
SELECT NAME, BYTES FROM SYS.V_$SGASTAT ORDER BY NAME ASC
19
。查看
catched object
SELECT owner,
name,
db_link,
namespace,
type,
sharable_mem,
loads,
executions,
locks,
pins,
kept
FROM v$db_object_cache
20
。查看
V$SQLAREA
SELECT SQL_TEXT, SHARABLE_MEM, PERSISTENT_MEM, RUNTIME_MEM, SORTS,
VERSION_COUNT, LOADED_VERSIONS, OPEN_VERSIONS, USERS_OPENING, EXECUTIONS,
USERS_EXECUTING, LOADS, FIRST_LOAD_TIME, INVALIDATIONS, PARSE_CALLS, DISK_READS,
BUFFER_GETS, ROWS_PROCESSED FROM V$SQLAREA
21
。查看
object
分类数量
select decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3 , 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 ,
'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) object_type , count(*) quantity from
sys.obj$ o where o.type# > 1 group by decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3
, 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 , 'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) union select
'COLUMN' , count(*) from sys.col$ union select 'DB LINK' , count(*) from
22
。按用户查看
object
种类
select u.name schema,
sum(decode(o.type#, 1, 1, NULL)) indexes,
sum(decode(o.type#, 2, 1, NULL)) tables,
sum(decode(o.type#, 3, 1, NULL))
clusters,
sum(decode(o.type#, 4, 1, NULL)) views,
sum(decode(o.type#, 5, 1,
NULL)) synonyms,
sum(decode(o.type#, 6, 1, NULL)) sequences,
sum(decode(o.type#, 1, NULL, 2, NULL, 3, NULL, 4, NULL, 5, NULL, 6, NULL, 1))
others
from sys.obj$ o, sys.user$ u
where o.type# >= 1 and
u.user# =
o.owner# and
u.name <> 'PUBLIC'
group by u.name
order by
sys.link$ union select 'CONSTRAINT' , count(*) from sys.con$
23
。有关
connection
的相关信息
1
)查看有哪些用户连接
select s.osuser os_user_name,
decode(sign(48 - command), 1, to_char(command),
'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,
p.program oracle_process,
status session_status,
s.terminal terminal,
s.program program,
s.username user_name,
s.fixed_table_sequence activity_meter,
'' query,
0 memory,
0 max_memory,
0 cpu_usage,
s.sid,
s.serial# serial_num
from v$session s,
v$process p
where s.paddr=p.addr and
s.type = 'USER'
order by s.username, s.osuser
2
)根据
v.sid
查看对应连接的资源占用等情况
select n.name,
v.value,
n.class,
n.statistic#
from
v$statname n,
v$sesstat v
where v.sid = 71 and
v.statistic# = n.statistic#
order by n.class, n.statistic#
3
)根据
sid
查看对应连接正在运行的
sql
select /*+ PUSH_SUBQ */
command_type,
sql_text,
sharable_mem,
persistent_mem,
runtime_mem,
sorts,
version_count,
loaded_versions,
open_versions,
users_opening,
executions,
users_executing,
loads,
first_load_time,
invalidations,
parse_calls,
disk_reads,
buffer_gets,
rows_processed,
sysdate start_time,
sysdate finish_time,
'>' || address sql_address,
'N' status
from v$sqlarea
where address = (select sql_address from v$session where sid = 71)
24
.查询表空间使用情况
select a.tablespace_name "
表空间名称
",
100-round((nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/a.bytes_alloc)*100,2) "
占用率
(%)",
round(a.bytes_alloc/1024/1024,2) "
容量
(M)",
round(nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/1024/1024,2) "
空闲
(M)",
round((a.bytes_alloc-nvl(b.bytes_free,0))/1024/1024,2) "
使用
(M)",
Largest "
最大扩展段
(M)",
to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') "
采样时间
"
from
(select f.tablespace_name,
sum(f.bytes) bytes_alloc,
sum(decode(f.autoextensible,'YES',f.maxbytes,'NO',f.bytes)) maxbytes
from dba_data_files f
group by tablespace_name) a,
(select
f.tablespace_name,
sum(f.bytes) bytes_free
from dba_free_space f
group by tablespace_name) b,
(select round(max(ff.length)*16/1024,2) Largest,
ts.name tablespace_name
from sys.fet$ ff, sys.file$ tf,sys.ts$ ts
where ts.ts#=ff.ts# and ff.file#=tf.relfile# and ts.ts#=tf.ts#
group by ts.name, tf.blocks) c
where a.tablespace_name = b.tablespace_name and a.tablespace_name = c.tablespace_name
25.
查询表空间的碎片程度
select tablespace_name,count(tablespace_name) from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name
having count(tablespace_name)>10;
alter tablespace name coalesce;
alter table name deallocate unused;
create or replace view ts_blocks_v as
select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,'free space' segment_name from dba_free_space
union all
select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,segment_name from dba_extents;
select * from ts_blocks_v;
select tablespace_name,sum(bytes),max(bytes),count(block_id) from dba_free_space
group by tablespace_name;
26
。查询有哪些数据库实例在运行
select inst_name from v$active_instances;
===========================================================
#########
创建数据库
----look $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/buildall.sql #############
create database db01
maxlogfiles 10
maxdatafiles 1024
maxinstances 2
logfile
GROUP 1 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_01_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,
GROUP 2 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_02_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,
GROUP 3 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_03_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,
datafile 'u01/oradata/db01/system_01_db01.dbf') SIZE 100M,
undo tablespace UNDO
datafile '/u01/oradata/db01/undo_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 40M
default temporary tablespace TEMP
tempfile '/u01/oradata/db01/temp_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 20M
extent management local uniform. size 128k
character set AL32UTE8
national character set AL16UTF16
set time_zone='America/New_York';
###############
数据字典
##########
set wrap off
select * from v$dba_users;
grant select on table_name to user/rule;
select * from user_tables;
select * from all_tables;
select * from dba_tables;
revoke dba from user_name;
shutdown immediate
startup nomount
select * from v$instance;
select * from v$sga;
select * from v$tablespace;
alter session set nls_language=american;
alter database mount;
select * from v$database;
alter database open;
desc dictionary
select * from dict;
desc v$fixed_table;
select * from v$fixed_table;
set oracle_sid=foxconn
select * from dba_objects;
set serveroutput on
execute dbms_output.put_line('sfasd');
#############
控制文件
###########
select * from v$database;
select * from v$tablespace;
select * from v$logfile;
select * from v$log;
select * from v$backup;
/*
备份
用户表空间
*/
alter tablespace users begin backup;
select * from v$archived_log;
select * from v$controlfile;
alter system set control_files='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl',
'$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl' scope=spfile;
cp $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl
startup pfile='../initSID.ora'
select * from v$parameter where name like 'control%' ;
show parameter control;
select * from v$controlfile_record_section;
select * from v$tempfile;
/*
备份控制文件
*/
alter database backup controlfile to '../filepath/control.bak';
/*
备份控制文件,并将二进制控制文件变为了
asc
的文本文件
*/
alter database backup controlfile to trace;
############### redo log ##############
archive log list;
alter system archive log start;--
启动自动存档
alter system switch logfile;--
强行进行一次日志
switch
alter system checkpoint;--
强制进行一次
checkpoint
alter tablspace users begin backup;
alter tablespace offline;
/*checkpoint
同步频率参数
FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET,
同步频率越高,系统恢复所需时间越短
*/
show parameter fast;
show parameter log_checkpoint;
/*
加入一个日志组
*/
alter database add logfile group 3 ('/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' size 10M);
/*
加入日志组的一个成员
*/
alter database add logfile member '/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to group 3;
/*
删除日志组
:
当前日志组不能删;活动的日志组不能删;非归档的日志组不能删
*/
alter database drop logfile group 3;
/*
删除日志组中的某个成员,但每个组的最后一个成员不能被删除
*/
alter databse drop logfile member '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo';
/*
清除在线日志
*/
alter database clear logfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo';
alter database clear logfile group 3;
/*
清除非归档日志
*/
alter database clear unarchived logfile group 3;
/*
重命名日志文件
*/
alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6a.rdo';
show parameter db_create;
alter system set db_create_online_log_dest_1='path_name';
select * from v$log;
select * from v$logfile;
/*
数据库归档模式到非归档模式的互换
,
要启动到
mount
状态下才能改变
;startup mount;
然后再打开数据库
.*/
alter database noarchivelog/archivelog;
achive log start;---
启动自动归档
alter system archive all;
--手工归档所有日志文件
select * from v$archived_log;
show parameter log_archive;
######
分析日志文件
logmnr ##############
1)
在
init.ora
中
set utl_file_dir
参数
2)
重新启动
oracle
3) create
目录文件
desc dbms_logmnr_d;
dbms_logmnr_d.build;
4)
加入日志文件
add/remove log file
dhms_logmnr.add_logfile
dbms_logmnr.removefile
5) start logmnr
dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr
6)
分析出来的内容查询
v$logmnr_content --sqlredo/sqlundo
实践:
desc dbms_logmnr_d;
/*
对数据表做一些操作,为恢复操作做准备
*/
update
表
set qty=10 where stor_id=6380;
delete
表
where stor_id=7066;
/***********************************/
utl_file_dir
的路径
execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('foxdict.ora','$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump');
execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.log',dbms_logmnr.newfile);
execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump/foxdict.ora');
######### tablespace ##############
select * form. v$tablespace;
select * from v$datafile;
/*
表空间和数据文件的对应关系
*/
select t1.name,t2.name from v$tablespace t1,v$datafile t2 where t1.ts#=t2.ts#;
alter tablespace users add datafile 'path' size 10M;
select * from dba_rollback_segs;
/*
限制用户在某表空间的使用限额
*/
alter user user_name quota 10m on tablespace_name;
create
tablespace xxx [datafile 'path_name/datafile_name'] [size xxx] [extent
management local/dictionary] [default storage(xxx)];
exmple: create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 5M MAXSIZE 200M;
create
tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size
100M extent management dictionary default storage(initial 100k next
100k pctincrease 10) offline;
/*9i
以后,
oracle
建议使用
local
管理
,而不使用
dictionary
管理,因为
local
采用
bitmap
管理表空间
,不会产生系统表空间的自愿争用
;*/
create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local uniform. size 1m;
create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local autoallocate;
/*
在创建表空间时,设置表空间内的段空间管理模式,这里用的是自动管理
*/
create
tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size
100M extent management local uniform. size 1m segment space management
auto;
alter tablespace userdata mininum extent 10;
alter tablespace userdata default storage(initial 1m next 1m pctincrease 20);
/*undo tablespace(
不能被用在字典管理模下
) */
create undo tablespace undo1 datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 40M extent management local;
show parameter undo;
/*temporary tablespace*/
create temporary tablespace userdata tempfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 10m extent management local;
/*
设置数据库缺省的临时表空间
*/
alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name;
/*
系统
/
临时
/
在线的
undo
表空间不能被
offline*/
alter tablespace tablespace_name offline/online;
alter tablespace tablespace_name read only;
/*
重命名用户表空间
*/
alter tablespace tablespace_name rename datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf';
/*
重命名系统表空间
,
但在重命名前必须将数据库
shutdown,
并重启到
mount
状态
*/
alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system01.dbf' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system02.dbf';
drop tablespace userdata including contents and datafiles;---drop tablespce
/*resize tablespace,autoextend datafile space*/
alter database datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500M;
/*resize datafile*/
alter database datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' resize 50m;
/*
给表空间扩展空间
*/
alter tablespace userdata add datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' size 10m;
/*
将表空间设置成
OMF
状态
*/
alter system set db_create_file_dest='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata';
create tablespace userdata;---use OMF status to create tablespace;
drop tablespace userdata;---user OMF status to drop tablespace;
select * from dba_tablespace/v$tablespace/dba_data_files;
/*
将表的某分区移动到另一个表空间
*/
alter table table_name move partition partition_name tablespace tablespace_name;
###### ORACLE storage structure and relationships #########
/*
手工分配表空间段的分区
(extend)
大小
*/
alter table kong.test12 allocate extent(size 1m datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf');
alter table kong.test12 deallocate unused; ---
释放表中没有用到的分区
show parameter db;
alter system set db_8k_cache_size=10m; ---
配置
8k
块的内存空间块参数
select * from dba_extents/dba_segments/data_tablespace;
select * from dba_free_space/dba_data_file/data_tablespace;
/*
数据对象所占用的字节数
*/
select sum(bytes) from dba_extents where nwer='kong' and segment_name ='table_name';
############ UNDO Data
################
show parameter undo;
alter tablespace users offline normal;
alter tablespace users offline immediate;
recover datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf';
alter tablespace users online ;
select * from dba_rollback_segs;
alter system set undo_tablespace=undotbs1;
/*
忽略回滚段的错误提示
*/
alter system set undo_suppress_errors=true;
/*
在自动管理模式下
,
不会真正建立
rbs1;
在手工管理模式则可以建立
,
且是私有回滚段
*/
create rollback segment rbs1 tablespace undotbs;
desc dbms_flashback;
/*
在提交了修改的数据后
,9i
提供了旧数据的回闪操作
,
将修改前的数据只读给用户看
,
但这部分数据不会又恢复在表中
,
而是旧数据的一个映射
*/
execute dbms_flashback.enable_at_time('26-JAN-04:12:17:00 pm');
execute dbms_flashback.disable;
/*
回滚段的统计信息
*/
select end_time,begin_time,undoblks from v$undostat;
/*undo
表空间的大小计算公式
: UndoSpace=[UR * (UPS * DBS)] + (DBS * 24)
UR :UNDO_RETENTION
保留的时间
(
秒
)
UPS :
每秒的回滚数据块
DBS:
系统
EXTENT
和
FILE SIZE(
也就是
db_block_size)*/
select * from dba_rollback_segs/v$rollname/v$rollstat/v$undostat/v$session/v$transaction;
show parameter transactions;
show parameter rollback;
/*
在手工管理模式下
,
建立公共的回滚段
*/
create public rollback segment prbs1 tablespace undotbs;
alter rollback segment rbs1 online;----
在手工管理模式
/*
在手工管理模式中
,initSID.ora
中指定
undo_management=manual
、
rollback_segment=('rbs1','rbs2',...)
、
transactions=100
、
transactions_per_rollback_segment=10
然后
shutdown immediate ,startup pfile=..../???.ora */
########## Managing Tables ###########
/*char type maxlen=2000;varchar2 type maxlen=4000 bytes
rowid
是
18
位的
64
进制字符串
(10
个
bytes 80 bits)
rowid
组成
: object#(
对象号
)--32bits,6
位
rfile#(
相对文件号
)--10bits,3
位
block#(
块号
)--22bits,6
位
row#(
行号
)--16bits,3
位
64
进制
: A-Z,a-z,0-9,/,+
共
64
个符号
dbms_rowid
包中的函数可以提供对
rowid
的解释
*/
select rowid,dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid),dbms_rowid.rowid_row_number(rowid) from table_name;
create table test2
(
id int,
lname varchar2(20) not null,
fname varchar2(20) constraint ck_1 check(fname like 'k%'),
empdate date default sysdate)
) tablespace tablespace_name;
create global temporary table test2 on commit delete/preserve rows as select * from kong.authors;
create table user.table(...) tablespace tablespace_name storage(...) pctfree10 pctused 40;
alter table user.tablename pctfree 20 pctused 50 storage(...);---changing table storage
/*
手工分配分区
,
分配的数据文件必须是表所在表空间内的数据文件
*/
alter table user.table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile '...');
/*
释放表中没有用到的空间
*/
alter table table_name deallocate unused;
alter table table_name deallocate unused keep 8k;
/*
将非分区表的表空间搬到新的表空间
,
在移动表空间后,原表中的索引对象将会不可用,必须重建
*/
alter table user.table_name move tablespace new_tablespace_name;
create index index_name on user.table_name(column_name) tablespace users;
alter index index_name rebuild;
drop table table_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS];
alter table user.table_name drop column col_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS CHECKPOINT 1000];---drop column
/*
给表中不用的列做标记
*/
alter table user.table_name set unused column comments CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;
/*drop
表中不用的做了标记列
*/
alter table user.table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;
/*
当在
drop col
是出现异常,使用
CONTINUE
,防止重删前面的
column*/
ALTER TABLE USER.TABLE_NAME DROP COLUMNS CONTINUE CHECKPOINT 1000;
select * from dba_tables/dba_objects;
######## managing indexes ##########
/*create index*/
example:
/*
创建一般索引
*/
create index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name;
/*
创建位图索引
*/
create bitmap index index_name on table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace tablespace_name;
/*
索引中不能用
pctused*/
create
[bitmap] index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace
tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) ;
/*
大数据量的索引最好不要做日志
*/
create
[bitmap] index index_name table_name(column_name1,column_name2)
tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) nologging;
/*
创建反转索引
*/
create index index_name on table_name(column_name) reverse;
/*
创建函数索引
*/
create index index_name on table_name(function_name(column_name)) tablespace tablespace_name;
/*
建表时创建约束条件
*/
create
table user.table_name(column_name number(7) constraint constraint_name
primary key deferrable using index storage(initial 100k next 100k)
tablespace tablespace_name,column_name2 varchar2(25) constraint
constraint_name not null,column_name3 number(7)) tablespace
tablespace_name;
/*
给创建
bitmap index
分配的内存空间参数,以加速建索引
*/
show parameter create_bit;
/*
改变索引的存储参数
*/
alter index index_name pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k next 200k);
/*
给索引手工分配一个分区
*/
alter index index_name allocate extent (size 200k datafile '$ORACLE/oradata/..');
/*
释放索引中没用的空间
*/
alter index index_name deallocate unused;
/*
索引重建
*/
alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name;
/*
普通索引和反转索引的互换
*/
alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name reverse;
/*
重建索引时,不锁表
*/
alter index index_name rebuild online;
/*
给索引整理碎片
*/
alter index index_name COALESCE;
/*
分析索引
,
事实上是更新统计的过程
*/
analyze index index_name validate structure;
desc index_state;
drop index index_name;
alter index index_name monitoring usage;-----
监视索引是否被用到
alter index index_name nomonitoring usage;----
取消监视
/*
有关索引信息的视图
*/
select * from dba_indexes/dba_ind_columns/dbs_ind_expressions/v$object_usage;
##########
数据完整性的管理
(Maintaining data integrity) ##########
alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;----drop
约束
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name primary key(column_name1,column_name2);-----
创建主键
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name unique(column_name1,column_name2);---
创建唯一约束
/*
创建外键约束
*/
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name foreign key(column_name1) references table_name(column_name1);
/*
不效验老数据,只约束新的数据
[enable/disable
:约束
/
不约束新数据
;novalidate/validate:
不对
/
对老数据进行验证
]*/
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name like 'B%') enable/disable novalidate/validate;
/*
修改约束条件,延时验证,
commit
时验证
*/
alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially deferred;
/*
修改约束条件,立即验证
*/
alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially immediate;
alter session set constraints=deferred/immediate;
/*drop
一个有外键的主键表
,
带
cascade constraints
参数级联删除
*/
drop table table_name cascade constraints;
/*
当
truncate
外键表时,先将外键设为无效,再
truncate;*/
truncate table table_name;
/*
设约束条件无效
*/
alter table table_name disable constraint constraint_name;
alter table table_name enable novalidate constraint constraint_name;
/*
将无效约束的数据行放入
exception
的表中,此表记录了违反数据约束的行的行号;在此之前,要先建
exceptions
表
*/
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name >15) enable validate exceptions into exceptions;
/*
运行创建
exceptions
表的脚本
*/
start $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlexcpt.sql;
/*
获取约束条件信息的表或视图
*/
select * from user_constraints/dba_constraints/dba_cons_columns;
################## managing password security and resources ####################
alter user user_name account unlock/open;----
锁定
/
打开用户
;
alter user user_name password expire;---
设定口令到期
/*
建立口令配置文件
,failed_login_attempts
口令输多少次后锁,
password_lock_times
指多少天后口令被自动解锁
*/
create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_times 1/1440;
/*
创建口令配置文件
*/
create
profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_time
unlimited password_life_time 30 password_reuse_time 30
password_verify_function verify_function password_grace_time 5;
/*
建立资源配置文件
*/
create profile prfile_name limit session_per_user 2 cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;
alter user user_name profile profile_name;
/*
设置口令解锁时间
*/
alter profile profile_name limit password_lock_time 1/24;
/*password_life_time
指口令文件多少时间到期,
password_grace_time
指在第一次成功登录后到口令到期有多少天时间可改变口令
*/
alter profile profile_name limit password_lift_time 2 password_grace_time 3;
/*password_reuse_time
指口令在多少天内可被重用
,password_reuse_max
口令可被重用的最大次数
*/
alter profile profile_name limit password_reuse_time 10[password_reuse_max 3];
alter user user_name identified by input_password;-----
修改用户口令
drop profile profile_name;
/*
建立了
profile
后,且指定给某个用户,则必须用
CASCADE
才能删除
*/
drop profile profile_name CASCADE;
alter system set resource_limit=true;---
启用自愿限制
,
缺省是
false
/*
配置资源参数
*/
alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_session 10000 connect_time 60 idle_time 5;
/*
资源参数
(session
级
)
cpu_per_session
每个
session
占用
cpu
的时间
单位
1/100
秒
sessions_per_user
允许每个用户的并行
session
数
connect_time
允许连接的时间
单位分钟
idle_time
连接被空闲多少时间后,被自动断开
单位分钟
logical_reads_per_session
读块数
private_sga
用户能够在
SGA
中使用的私有的空间数
单位
bytes
(call
级
)
cpu_per_call
每次
(1/100
秒
)
调用
cpu
的时间
logical_reads_per_call
每次调用能够读的块数
*/
alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_call 1000 logical_reads_per_call 10;
desc dbms_resouce_manager;---
资源管理器包
/*
获取资源信息的表或视图
*/
select * from dba_users/dba_profiles;
###### Managing users ############
show parameter os;
create user testuser1 identified by kxf_001;
grant connect,createtable to testuser1;
alter user testuser1 quota 10m on tablespace_name;
/*
创建用户
*/
create
user user_name identified by password default tablespace
tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on
tablespace_name password expire;
/*
数据库级设定缺省临时表空间
*/
alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name;
/*
制定数据库级的缺省表空间
*/
alter database default tablespace tablespace_name;
/*
创建
os
级审核的用户,需知道
os_authent_prefix
,表示
oracle
和
os
口令对应的前缀
,'OPS$'
为此参数的值,此值可以任意设置
*/
create
user user_name identified by externally default OPS$tablespace_name
tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on
tablespace_name password expire;
/*
修改用户使用表空间的限额
,
回滚表空间和临时表空间不允许授予限额
*/
alter user user_name quota 5m on tablespace_name;
/*
删除用户或删除级联用户
(
用户对象下有对象的要用
CASCADE
,将其下一些对象一起删除
)*/
drop user user_name [CASCADE];
/*
每个用户在哪些表空间下有些什么限额
*/
desc dba_ts_quotas;select * from dba_ts_quotas where username='...';
/*
改变用户的缺省表空间
*/
alter user user_name default tablespace tablespace_name;
######### Managing Privileges #############
grant create table,create session to user_name;
grant create any table to user_name; revoke create any table from user_name;
/*
授予权限语法
,public
标识所有用户
,with admin option
允许能将权限授予第三者的权限
*/
grant system_privs,[......] to [user/role/public],[....] [with admin option];
select * from v$pwfile_users;
/*
当
O7_dictionary_accessiblity
参数为
True
时,标识
select any table
时,包括系统表也能
select ,
否则,不包含系统表
;
缺省为
false*/
show parameter O7;
/*
由于
O7_dictionary_accessiblity
为静态参数,不能动态改变,故加
scope=spfile,
下次启动时才生效
*/
alter system set O7_dictionary_accessiblity=true scope=spfile;
/*
授予对象中的某些字段的权限,如
select
某表中的某些字段的权限
*/
grant [object_privs(column,....)],[...] on object_name to user/role/public,... with grant option;
/*oracle
不允许授予
select
某列的权限
,
但可以授
insert ,update
某列的权限
*/
grant insert(column_name1,column_name2,...) on table_name to user_name with grant option;
select * from dba_sys_privs/session_privs/dba_tab_privs/user_tab_privs/dba_col_privs/user_col_privs;
/*db/os/none
审计被记录在
数据库
/
操作系统
/
不审计
缺省是
none*/
show parameter audit_trail;
/*
启动对表的
select
动作
*/
audit select on user.table_name by session;
/*by session
在每个
session
中发出
command
只记录一次,
by access
则每个
command
都记录
*/
audit [create table][select/update/insert on object by session/access][whenever successful/not successful];
desc dbms_fga;---
进一步设计,则可使用
dbms_fgs
包
/*
取消审计
*/
noaudit select on user.table_name;
/*
查被审计信息
*/
select * from all_def_audit_opts/dba_stmt_audit_opts/dba_priv_audit_opts/dba_obj_audit_opts;
/*
获取审计记录
*/
select * from dba_audit_trail/dba_audit_exists/dba_audit_object/dba_audit_session/dba_audit_statement;
########### Managing Role #################
create role role_name; grant select on table_name to role_name; grant role_name to user_name; set role role_name;
create role role_name;
create role role_name identified by password;
create role role_name identified externally;
set role role_name ; ----
激活
role
set role role_name identified by password;
alter role role_name not identified;
alter role role_name identified by password;
alter role role_name identified externally;
grant priv_name to role_name [WITH ADMIN OPTION];
grant update(column_name1,col_name2,...) on table_name to role_name;
grant role_name1 to role_name2;
/*
建立
default role,
用户登录时,缺省激活
default role*/
alter user user_name default role role_name1,role_name2,...;
alter user user_name default role all;
alter user user_name default role all except role_name1,...;
alter user user_name default role none;
set role role1 [identified by password],role2,....;
set role all;
set role except role1,role2,...;
set role none;
revoke role_name from user_name;
revoke role_name from public;
drop role role_name;
select * from dba_roles/dba_role_privs/role_role_privs/dba_sys_privs/role_sys_privs/role_tab_privs/session_roles;
########### Basic SQL SELECT ################
select col_name as col_alias from table_name ;
select col_name from table_name where col1 like '_o%'; ----'_'
匹配单个字符
/*
使用字符函数
(
右边截取
,
字段中包含某个字符
,
左边填充某字符到固定位数
,
右边填充某字符到固定位数
)*/
select substr(col1,-3,5),instr(col2,'g'),LPAD(col3,10,'$'),RPAD(col4,10,'%') from table_name;
/*
使用数字函数
(
往右
/
左几位四舍五入
,
取整
,
取余
)*/
select round(col1,-2),trunc(col2),mod(col3) from table_name ;
/*
使用日期函数
(
计算两个日期间相差几个星期
,
两个日期间相隔几个月
,
在某个月份上加几个月
,
某个日期的下一个日期
,
某日期所在月的最后的日期
,
对某个日期的月分四舍五入,对某个日期的月份进行取整
)*/
select (sysdate-col1)/7 week,months_between(sysdate,col1),add_months(col1,2),next_day(sysdate,'FRIDAY'),last_day(sysdate),
round(sysdate,'MONTH'),trunc(sysdate,'MONTH') from table_name;
/*
使用
NULL
函数
(
当
expr1
为空取
expr2/
当
expr1
为空取
expr2,
否则取
expr3/
当
expr1=expr2
返回空
)*/
select nvl(expr1,expr2),nvl2(expr1,expr2,expr3),nullif(expr1,expr2) from table_name;
select column1,column2,column3, case column2 when '50' then column2*1.1
when '30' then column2*2.1
when '10' then column3/20
else column3
end as ttt
from table_name ; ------
使用
case
函数
select table1.col1,table2.col2 from table1
[CROSS JOIN table2] | -----
笛卡儿连接
[NATURAL JOIN table2] | -----
用两个表中的同名列连接
[JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] | -----
用两个表中的同名列中的某一列或几列连接
[JOIN table2
ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)] |
[LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ------
相当于
(+)=,=(+)
连接
,
全外连接
ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)]; ------SQL 1999
中的
JOIN
语法
;
example:
select col1,col2 from table1 t1
join table2 t2
on t1.col1=t2.col2 and t1.col3=t2.col1
join table3 t3
on t2.col1=t3.col3;
select * from table_name where col1 < any (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3);
select * from table_name where col1 < all (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3);
insert into (select col1,col2,col3 form. table_name where col1> 50 with check option) values (value1,value2,value3);
MERGE INTO table_name table1
USING table_name2 table2
ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)
WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET
table1.col1=table2.col2,
table1.col2=table2.col3,
...
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
INSERT VALUES(table2.col1,table2.col2,table2.col3,...); -----
合并语句
##################### CREATE/ALTER TABLE #######################
alter table table_name drop column column_name ;---drop column
alter table table_name set unused (col1,col2,...);----
设置列无效,这个比较快。
alter table table_name drop unused columns;---
删除被设为无效的列
rename table_name1 to table_name2; ---
重命名表
comment on table table_name is 'comment message';----
给表放入注释信息
create table table_name
(col1 int not null,col2 varchar2(20),col3 varchar2(20),
constraint uk_test2_1 unique(col2,col3))); -----
定义表中的约束条件
alter table table_name add constraint pk_test2 primary key(col1,col2,...); ----
创建主键
/*
建立外键
*/
create table table_name (rid int,name varchar2(20),constraint fk_test3 foreign key(rid) references other_table_name(id));
alter table table_name add constraint ck_test3 check(name like 'K%');
alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;
alter table table_name drop primary key cascade;----
级联删除主键
alter table table_name disable/enable constraint constraint_name;----
使约束暂时无效
/*
删除列,并级联删除此列下的约束条件
*/
alter table table_name drop column column_name cascade constraint;
select * from user_constraints/user_cons_columns;---
约束条件相关视图
############## Create Views #####################
CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE] VIEW view_name [(alias[,alias]...)]
AS subquery
[WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]
[WITH READ ONLY [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]; ------
创建视图的语法
example: Create or replace view testview as select col1,col2,col3 from table_name; ------
创建视图
/*
使用别名
*/
Create or replace view testview as select col1,sum(col2) col2_alias from table_name;
/*
创建复杂视图
*/
Create
view view_name (alias1,alias2,alias3,alias4) as select
d.col1,min(e.col1),max(e.col1),avg(e.col1) from table_name1
e,table_name2 d where e.col2=d.col2 group by d.col1;
/*
当用
update
修改数据时,必须满足视图的
col1>10
的条件,不满足则不能被改变
.*/
Create or replace view view_name as select * from table_name where col1>10 with check option;
/*
改变视图的值
.
对于简单视图可以用
update
语法修改表数据,但复杂视图则不一定能改。如使用了函数,
group by ,distinct
等的列
*/
update view_name set col1=value1;
/*TOP-N
分析
*/
select [column_list],rownum from (select [column_list] from table_name order by Top-N_column) where rownum<=N;
/*
找出某列三条最大值的记录
*/
example: select rownum as rank ,col1 ,col2 from (select col1 ,col2 from table_name order by col2 desc) where rownum<=3;
############# Other database Object ###############
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name [INCREMENT BY n]
[START WITH n]
[{MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE}]
[{MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE}]
[{CYCEL | NOCYCLE}]
[{CACHE n | NOCACHE}]; -----
创建
SEQUENCE
example:
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name INCREMENT BY 10
START WITH 120
MAXVALUE 9999
NOCACHE
NOCYCLE;
select * from user_sequences ;---
当前用户下记录
sequence
的视图
select sequence_name.nextval,sequence_name.currval from dual;-----sequence
的引用
alter sequence sequence_name INCREMENT BY 20
MAXVALUE 999999
NOCACHE
NOCYCLE; -----
修改
sequence,
不能改变起始序号
drop sequence sequence_name; ----
删除
sequence
CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name FOR object; ------
创建同义词
DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name;----
删除同义词
CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK link_name USEING OBJECT;----
创建
DBLINK
select * from object_name@link_name; ----
访问远程数据库中的对象
/*union
操作,它将两个集合的交集部分压缩,并对数据排序
*/
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
/*union all
操作,两个集合的交集部分不压缩,且不对数据排序
*/
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union all select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
/*intersect
操作,求两个集合的交集
,
它将对重复数据进行压缩,且排序
*/
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name intersect select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
/*minus
操作,集合减
,
它将压缩两个集合减后的重复记录
,
且对数据排序
*/
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name minus select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
/*EXTRACT
抽取时间函数
.
此例是抽取当前日期中的年
*/
select EXTRACT(YEAR FROM SYSDATE) from dual;
/*EXTRACT
抽取时间函数
.
此例是抽取当前日期中的月
*/
select EXTRACT(MONTH FROM SYSDATE) from dual;
##########################
增强的
group by
子句
#########################
select [column,] group_function(column)...
from table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression]
[HAVING having_expression];
[ORDER BY column]; -------ROLLUP
操作字,对
group by
子句的各字段从右到左进行再聚合
example:
/*
其结果看起来象对
col1
做小计
*/
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup(col1,col2);
/*
复合
rollup
表达式
*/
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup((col1,col2));
select [column,] group_function(column)...
from table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY [CUBE] group_by_expression]
[HAVING having_expression];
[ORDER BY column]; -------CUBE
操作字,除完成
ROLLUP
的功能外,再对
ROLLUP
后的结果集从右到左再聚合
example:
/*
其结果看起来象对
col1
做小计后,再对
col2
做小计,最后算总计
*/
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube(col1,col2);
/*
复合
rollup
表达式
*/
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube((col1,col2));
/*
混合
rollup,cube
表达式
*/
select col1,col2,col3,sum(col4) from table group by col1,rollup(col2),cube(col3);
/*GROUPING(expr)
函数,查看
select
语句种以何字段聚合,其取值为
0
或
1*/
select [column,] group_function(column)...,GROUPING(expr)
from table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression]
[HAVING having_expression];
[ORDER BY column];
example:
select col1,col2,sum(col3),grouping(col1),grouping(col2) from table group by cube(col1,col2);
/*grouping sets
操作,对
group by
结果集先对
col1
求和,再对
col2
求和,最后将其结果集并在一起
*/
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by grouping sets((col1),(col2));
常用经典
SQL
查询
常用
SQL
查询:
1
、查看表空间的名称及大小
select t.tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size
from dba_tablespaces t, dba_data_files d
where t.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name
group by t.tablespace_name;
2
、查看表空间物理文件的名称及大小
select tablespace_name, file_id, file_name,
round(bytes/(1024*1024),0) total_space
from dba_data_files
order by tablespace_name;
3
、查看回滚段名称及大小
select segment_name, tablespace_name, r.status,
(initial_extent/1024) InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent,
max_extents, v.curext CurExtent
From dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v
Where r.segment_id = v.usn(+)
order by segment_name;
4
、查看控制文件
select name from v$controlfile;
5
、查看日志文件
select member from v$logfile;
6
、查看表空间的使用情况
select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name
from dba_free_space
group by tablespace_name;
SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE,
(B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE"
FROM SYS.SM$TS_AVAIL A,SYS.SM$TS_USED B,SYS.SM$TS_FREE C
WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME;
7
、查看数据库
库对象
select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner, object_type, status;
8
、查看数据库的版本
Select version FROM Product_component_version
Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)='Oracle';
9
、查看数据库的创建日期和归档方式
Select Created, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database;
10
、捕捉运行很久的
SQL
column username format a12
column opname format a16
column progress format a8
select username,sid,opname,
round(sofar*100 / totalwork,0) || '%' as progress,
time_remaining,sql_text
from v$session_longops , v$sql
where time_remaining <> 0
and sql_address = address
and sql_hash_value = hash_value
/
11
。查看数据表的参数信息
SELECT
partition_name, high_value, high_value_length, tablespace_name,
pct_free, pct_used, ini_trans, max_trans, initial_extent,
next_extent, min_extent, max_extent, pct_increase, FREELISTS,
freelist_groups, LOGGING, BUFFER_POOL, num_rows, blocks,
empty_blocks, avg_space, chain_cnt, avg_row_len, sample_size,
last_analyzed
FROM dba_tab_partitions
--WHERE table_name = :tname AND table_owner = :towner
ORDER BY partition_position
12.
查看还没提交的事务
select * from v$locked_object;
select * from v$transaction;
13
。查找
object
为哪些进程所用
select
p.spid,
s.sid,
s.serial# serial_num,
s.username user_name,
a.type
object_type,
s.osuser os_user_name,
a.owner,
a.object object_name,
decode(sign(48 - command),
1,
to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,
p.program oracle_process,
s.terminal terminal,
s.program program,
s.status session_status
from v$session s, v$access a, v$process p
where s.paddr = p.addr and
s.type = 'USER' and
a.sid = s.sid
and
a.object='SUBSCRIBER_ATTR'
order by s.username, s.osuser
14
。回滚段查看
select rownum, sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name Name, v$rollstat.extents
Extents, v$rollstat.rssize Size_in_Bytes, v$rollstat.xacts XActs,
v$rollstat.gets Gets, v$rollstat.waits Waits, v$rollstat.writes Writes,
sys.dba_rollback_segs.status status from v$rollstat, sys.dba_rollback_segs,
v$rollname where v$rollname.name(+) = sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name and
v$rollstat.usn (+) = v$rollname.usn order by rownum
15
。耗资源的进程(
top session
)
select s.schemaname schema_name,
decode(sign(48 - command), 1,
to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,
status
session_status,
s.osuser os_user_name,
s.sid,
p.spid ,
s.serial# serial_num,
nvl(s.username, '[Oracle process]') user_name,
s.terminal terminal,
s.program program,
st.value criteria_value
from v$sesstat st,
v$session s
, v$process p
where st.sid = s.sid and
st.statistic# = to_number('38') and
('ALL' = 'ALL'
or s.status = 'ALL') and p.addr = s.paddr order by st.value desc,
p.spid asc, s.username asc, s.osuser asc
16
。查看锁(
lock
)情况
select /*+ RULE */ ls.osuser os_user_name,
ls.username user_name,
decode(ls.type, 'RW', 'Row wait enqueue lock', 'TM', 'DML enqueue lock', 'TX',
'Transaction enqueue lock', 'UL', 'User supplied lock') lock_type,
o.object_name object,
decode(ls.lmode, 1, null, 2, 'Row Share', 3,
'Row Exclusive', 4, 'Share', 5, 'Share Row Exclusive', 6, 'Exclusive', null)
lock_mode,
o.owner,
ls.sid,
ls.serial# serial_num,
ls.id1,
ls.id2
from sys.dba_objects o, (
select s.osuser,
s.username,
l.type,
l.lmode,
s.sid,
s.serial#,
l.id1,
l.id2
from v$session s,
v$lock l
where s.sid = l.sid ) ls
where o.object_id = ls.id1 and
o.owner
<> 'SYS'
order by o.owner, o.object_name
17
。查看等待(
wait
)情况
SELECT v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count count, SUM(v$sysstat.value) sum_value
FROM v$waitstat, v$sysstat WHERE v$sysstat.name IN ('db block gets',
'consistent gets') group by v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count
18
。查看
sga
情况
SELECT NAME, BYTES FROM SYS.V_$SGASTAT ORDER BY NAME ASC
19
。查看
catched object
SELECT owner,
name,
db_link,
namespace,
type,
sharable_mem,
loads,
executions,
locks,
pins,
kept
FROM v$db_object_cache
20
。查看
V$SQLAREA
SELECT SQL_TEXT, SHARABLE_MEM, PERSISTENT_MEM, RUNTIME_MEM, SORTS,
VERSION_COUNT, LOADED_VERSIONS, OPEN_VERSIONS, USERS_OPENING, EXECUTIONS,
USERS_EXECUTING, LOADS, FIRST_LOAD_TIME, INVALIDATIONS, PARSE_CALLS, DISK_READS,
BUFFER_GETS, ROWS_PROCESSED FROM V$SQLAREA
21
。查看
object
分类数量
select decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3 , 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 ,
'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) object_type , count(*) quantity from
sys.obj$ o where o.type# > 1 group by decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3
, 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 , 'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) union select
'COLUMN' , count(*) from sys.col$ union select 'DB LINK' , count(*) from
22
。按用户查看
object
种类
select u.name schema,
sum(decode(o.type#, 1, 1, NULL)) indexes,
sum(decode(o.type#, 2, 1, NULL)) tables,
sum(decode(o.type#, 3, 1, NULL))
clusters,
sum(decode(o.type#, 4, 1, NULL)) views,
sum(decode(o.type#, 5, 1,
NULL)) synonyms,
sum(decode(o.type#, 6, 1, NULL)) sequences,
sum(decode(o.type#, 1, NULL, 2, NULL, 3, NULL, 4, NULL, 5, NULL, 6, NULL, 1))
others
from sys.obj$ o, sys.user$ u
where o.type# >= 1 and
u.user# =
o.owner# and
u.name <> 'PUBLIC'
group by u.name
order by
sys.link$ union select 'CONSTRAINT' , count(*) from sys.con$
23
。有关
connection
的相关信息
1
)查看有哪些用户连接
select s.osuser os_user_name,
decode(sign(48 - command), 1, to_char(command),
'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,
p.program oracle_process,
status session_status,
s.terminal terminal,
s.program program,
s.username user_name,
s.fixed_table_sequence activity_meter,
'' query,
0 memory,
0 max_memory,
0 cpu_usage,
s.sid,
s.serial# serial_num
from v$session s,
v$process p
where s.paddr=p.addr and
s.type = 'USER'
order by s.username, s.osuser
2
)根据
v.sid
查看对应连接的资源占用等情况
select n.name,
v.value,
n.class,
n.statistic#
from
v$statname n,
v$sesstat v
where v.sid = 71 and
v.statistic# = n.statistic#
order by n.class, n.statistic#
3
)根据
sid
查看对应连接正在运行的
sql
select /*+ PUSH_SUBQ */
command_type,
sql_text,
sharable_mem,
persistent_mem,
runtime_mem,
sorts,
version_count,
loaded_versions,
open_versions,
users_opening,
executions,
users_executing,
loads,
first_load_time,
invalidations,
parse_calls,
disk_reads,
buffer_gets,
rows_processed,
sysdate start_time,
sysdate finish_time,
'>' || address sql_address,
'N' status
from v$sqlarea
where address = (select sql_address from v$session where sid = 71)
24
.查询表空间使用情况
select a.tablespace_name "
表空间名称
",
100-round((nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/a.bytes_alloc)*100,2) "
占用率
(%)",
round(a.bytes_alloc/1024/1024,2) "
容量
(M)",
round(nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/1024/1024,2) "
空闲
(M)",
round((a.bytes_alloc-nvl(b.bytes_free,0))/1024/1024,2) "
使用
(M)",
Largest "
最大扩展段
(M)",
to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') "
采样时间
"
from
(select f.tablespace_name,
sum(f.bytes) bytes_alloc,
sum(decode(f.autoextensible,'YES',f.maxbytes,'NO',f.bytes)) maxbytes
from dba_data_files f
group by tablespace_name) a,
(select
f.tablespace_name,
sum(f.bytes) bytes_free
from dba_free_space f
group by tablespace_name) b,
(select round(max(ff.length)*16/1024,2) Largest,
ts.name tablespace_name
from sys.fet$ ff, sys.file$ tf,sys.ts$ ts
where ts.ts#=ff.ts# and ff.file#=tf.relfile# and ts.ts#=tf.ts#
group by ts.name, tf.blocks) c
where a.tablespace_name = b.tablespace_name and a.tablespace_name = c.tablespace_name
25.
查询表空间的碎片程度
select tablespace_name,count(tablespace_name) from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name
having count(tablespace_name)>10;
alter tablespace name coalesce;
alter table name deallocate unused;
create or replace view ts_blocks_v as
select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,'free space' segment_name from dba_free_space
union all
select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,segment_name from dba_extents;
select * from ts_blocks_v;
select tablespace_name,sum(bytes),max(bytes),count(block_id) from dba_free_space
group by tablespace_name;
26
。查询有哪些数据库实例在运行
select inst_name from v$active_instances;
===========================================================
#########
创建数据库
----look $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/buildall.sql #############
create database db01
maxlogfiles 10
maxdatafiles 1024
maxinstances 2
logfile
GROUP 1 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_01_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,
GROUP 2 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_02_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,
GROUP 3 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_03_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,
datafile 'u01/oradata/db01/system_01_db01.dbf') SIZE 100M,
undo tablespace UNDO
datafile '/u01/oradata/db01/undo_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 40M
default temporary tablespace TEMP
tempfile '/u01/oradata/db01/temp_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 20M
extent management local uniform. size 128k
character set AL32UTE8
national character set AL16UTF16
set time_zone='America/New_York';
###############
数据字典
##########
set wrap off
select * from v$dba_users;
grant select on table_name to user/rule;
select * from user_tables;
select * from all_tables;
select * from dba_tables;
revoke dba from user_name;
shutdown immediate
startup nomount
select * from v$instance;
select * from v$sga;
select * from v$tablespace;
alter session set nls_language=american;
alter database mount;
select * from v$database;
alter database open;
desc dictionary
select * from dict;
desc v$fixed_table;
select * from v$fixed_table;
set oracle_sid=foxconn
select * from dba_objects;
set serveroutput on
execute dbms_output.put_line('sfasd');
#############
控制文件
###########
select * from v$database;
select * from v$tablespace;
select * from v$logfile;
select * from v$log;
select * from v$backup;
/*
备份
用户表空间
*/
alter tablespace users begin backup;
select * from v$archived_log;
select * from v$controlfile;
alter system set control_files='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl',
'$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl' scope=spfile;
cp $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl
startup pfile='../initSID.ora'
select * from v$parameter where name like 'control%' ;
show parameter control;
select * from v$controlfile_record_section;
select * from v$tempfile;
/*
备份控制文件
*/
alter database backup controlfile to '../filepath/control.bak';
/*
备份控制文件,并将二进制控制文件变为了
asc
的文本文件
*/
alter database backup controlfile to trace;
############### redo log ##############
archive log list;
alter system archive log start;--
启动自动存档
alter system switch logfile;--
强行进行一次日志
switch
alter system checkpoint;--
强制进行一次
checkpoint
alter tablspace users begin backup;
alter tablespace offline;
/*checkpoint
同步频率参数
FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET,
同步频率越高,系统恢复所需时间越短
*/
show parameter fast;
show parameter log_checkpoint;
/*
加入一个日志组
*/
alter database add logfile group 3 ('/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' size 10M);
/*
加入日志组的一个成员
*/
alter database add logfile member '/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to group 3;
/*
删除日志组
:
当前日志组不能删;活动的日志组不能删;非归档的日志组不能删
*/
alter database drop logfile group 3;
/*
删除日志组中的某个成员,但每个组的最后一个成员不能被删除
*/
alter databse drop logfile member '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo';
/*
清除在线日志
*/
alter database clear logfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo';
alter database clear logfile group 3;
/*
清除非归档日志
*/
alter database clear unarchived logfile group 3;
/*
重命名日志文件
*/
alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6a.rdo';
show parameter db_create;
alter system set db_create_online_log_dest_1='path_name';
select * from v$log;
select * from v$logfile;
/*
数据库归档模式到非归档模式的互换
,
要启动到
mount
状态下才能改变
;startup mount;
然后再打开数据库
.*/
alter database noarchivelog/archivelog;
achive log start;---
启动自动归档
alter system archive all;
--手工归档所有日志文件
select * from v$archived_log;
show parameter log_archive;
######
分析日志文件
logmnr ##############
1)
在
init.ora
中
set utl_file_dir
参数
2)
重新启动
oracle
3) create
目录文件
desc dbms_logmnr_d;
dbms_logmnr_d.build;
4)
加入日志文件
add/remove log file
dhms_logmnr.add_logfile
dbms_logmnr.removefile
5) start logmnr
dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr
6)
分析出来的内容查询
v$logmnr_content --sqlredo/sqlundo
实践:
desc dbms_logmnr_d;
/*
对数据表做一些操作,为恢复操作做准备
*/
update
表
set qty=10 where stor_id=6380;
delete
表
where stor_id=7066;
/***********************************/
utl_file_dir
的路径
execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('foxdict.ora','$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump');
execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.log',dbms_logmnr.newfile);
execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump/foxdict.ora');
######### tablespace ##############
select * form. v$tablespace;
select * from v$datafile;
/*
表空间和数据文件的对应关系
*/
select t1.name,t2.name from v$tablespace t1,v$datafile t2 where t1.ts#=t2.ts#;
alter tablespace users add datafile 'path' size 10M;
select * from dba_rollback_segs;
/*
限制用户在某表空间的使用限额
*/
alter user user_name quota 10m on tablespace_name;
create
tablespace xxx [datafile 'path_name/datafile_name'] [size xxx] [extent
management local/dictionary] [default storage(xxx)];
exmple: create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 5M MAXSIZE 200M;
create
tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size
100M extent management dictionary default storage(initial 100k next
100k pctincrease 10) offline;
/*9i
以后,
oracle
建议使用
local
管理
,而不使用
dictionary
管理,因为
local
采用
bitmap
管理表空间
,不会产生系统表空间的自愿争用
;*/
create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local uniform. size 1m;
create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local autoallocate;
/*
在创建表空间时,设置表空间内的段空间管理模式,这里用的是自动管理
*/
create
tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size
100M extent management local uniform. size 1m segment space management
auto;
alter tablespace userdata mininum extent 10;
alter tablespace userdata default storage(initial 1m next 1m pctincrease 20);
/*undo tablespace(
不能被用在字典管理模下
) */
create undo tablespace undo1 datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 40M extent management local;
show parameter undo;
/*temporary tablespace*/
create temporary tablespace userdata tempfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 10m extent management local;
/*
设置数据库缺省的临时表空间
*/
alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name;
/*
系统
/
临时
/
在线的
undo
表空间不能被
offline*/
alter tablespace tablespace_name offline/online;
alter tablespace tablespace_name read only;
/*
重命名用户表空间
*/
alter tablespace tablespace_name rename datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf';
/*
重命名系统表空间
,
但在重命名前必须将数据库
shutdown,
并重启到
mount
状态
*/
alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system01.dbf' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system02.dbf';
drop tablespace userdata including contents and datafiles;---drop tablespce
/*resize tablespace,autoextend datafile space*/
alter database datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500M;
/*resize datafile*/
alter database datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' resize 50m;
/*
给表空间扩展空间
*/
alter tablespace userdata add datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' size 10m;
/*
将表空间设置成
OMF
状态
*/
alter system set db_create_file_dest='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata';
create tablespace userdata;---use OMF status to create tablespace;
drop tablespace userdata;---user OMF status to drop tablespace;
select * from dba_tablespace/v$tablespace/dba_data_files;
/*
将表的某分区移动到另一个表空间
*/
alter table table_name move partition partition_name tablespace tablespace_name;
###### ORACLE storage structure and relationships #########
/*
手工分配表空间段的分区
(extend)
大小
*/
alter table kong.test12 allocate extent(size 1m datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf');
alter table kong.test12 deallocate unused; ---
释放表中没有用到的分区
show parameter db;
alter system set db_8k_cache_size=10m; ---
配置
8k
块的内存空间块参数
select * from dba_extents/dba_segments/data_tablespace;
select * from dba_free_space/dba_data_file/data_tablespace;
/*
数据对象所占用的字节数
*/
select sum(bytes) from dba_extents where nwer='kong' and segment_name ='table_name';
############ UNDO Data
################
show parameter undo;
alter tablespace users offline normal;
alter tablespace users offline immediate;
recover datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf';
alter tablespace users online ;
select * from dba_rollback_segs;
alter system set undo_tablespace=undotbs1;
/*
忽略回滚段的错误提示
*/
alter system set undo_suppress_errors=true;
/*
在自动管理模式下
,
不会真正建立
rbs1;
在手工管理模式则可以建立
,
且是私有回滚段
*/
create rollback segment rbs1 tablespace undotbs;
desc dbms_flashback;
/*
在提交了修改的数据后
,9i
提供了旧数据的回闪操作
,
将修改前的数据只读给用户看
,
但这部分数据不会又恢复在表中
,
而是旧数据的一个映射
*/
execute dbms_flashback.enable_at_time('26-JAN-04:12:17:00 pm');
execute dbms_flashback.disable;
/*
回滚段的统计信息
*/
select end_time,begin_time,undoblks from v$undostat;
/*undo
表空间的大小计算公式
: UndoSpace=[UR * (UPS * DBS)] + (DBS * 24)
UR :UNDO_RETENTION
保留的时间
(
秒
)
UPS :
每秒的回滚数据块
DBS:
系统
EXTENT
和
FILE SIZE(
也就是
db_block_size)*/
select * from dba_rollback_segs/v$rollname/v$rollstat/v$undostat/v$session/v$transaction;
show parameter transactions;
show parameter rollback;
/*
在手工管理模式下
,
建立公共的回滚段
*/
create public rollback segment prbs1 tablespace undotbs;
alter rollback segment rbs1 online;----
在手工管理模式
/*
在手工管理模式中
,initSID.ora
中指定
undo_management=manual
、
rollback_segment=('rbs1','rbs2',...)
、
transactions=100
、
transactions_per_rollback_segment=10
然后
shutdown immediate ,startup pfile=..../???.ora */
########## Managing Tables ###########
/*char type maxlen=2000;varchar2 type maxlen=4000 bytes
rowid
是
18
位的
64
进制字符串
(10
个
bytes 80 bits)
rowid
组成
: object#(
对象号
)--32bits,6
位
rfile#(
相对文件号
)--10bits,3
位
block#(
块号
)--22bits,6
位
row#(
行号
)--16bits,3
位
64
进制
: A-Z,a-z,0-9,/,+
共
64
个符号
dbms_rowid
包中的函数可以提供对
rowid
的解释
*/
select rowid,dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid),dbms_rowid.rowid_row_number(rowid) from table_name;
create table test2
(
id int,
lname varchar2(20) not null,
fname varchar2(20) constraint ck_1 check(fname like 'k%'),
empdate date default sysdate)
) tablespace tablespace_name;
create global temporary table test2 on commit delete/preserve rows as select * from kong.authors;
create table user.table(...) tablespace tablespace_name storage(...) pctfree10 pctused 40;
alter table user.tablename pctfree 20 pctused 50 storage(...);---changing table storage
/*
手工分配分区
,
分配的数据文件必须是表所在表空间内的数据文件
*/
alter table user.table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile '...');
/*
释放表中没有用到的空间
*/
alter table table_name deallocate unused;
alter table table_name deallocate unused keep 8k;
/*
将非分区表的表空间搬到新的表空间
,
在移动表空间后,原表中的索引对象将会不可用,必须重建
*/
alter table user.table_name move tablespace new_tablespace_name;
create index index_name on user.table_name(column_name) tablespace users;
alter index index_name rebuild;
drop table table_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS];
alter table user.table_name drop column col_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS CHECKPOINT 1000];---drop column
/*
给表中不用的列做标记
*/
alter table user.table_name set unused column comments CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;
/*drop
表中不用的做了标记列
*/
alter table user.table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;
/*
当在
drop col
是出现异常,使用
CONTINUE
,防止重删前面的
column*/
ALTER TABLE USER.TABLE_NAME DROP COLUMNS CONTINUE CHECKPOINT 1000;
select * from dba_tables/dba_objects;
######## managing indexes ##########
/*create index*/
example:
/*
创建一般索引
*/
create index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name;
/*
创建位图索引
*/
create bitmap index index_name on table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace tablespace_name;
/*
索引中不能用
pctused*/
create
[bitmap] index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace
tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) ;
/*
大数据量的索引最好不要做日志
*/
create
[bitmap] index index_name table_name(column_name1,column_name2)
tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) nologging;
/*
创建反转索引
*/
create index index_name on table_name(column_name) reverse;
/*
创建函数索引
*/
create index index_name on table_name(function_name(column_name)) tablespace tablespace_name;
/*
建表时创建约束条件
*/
create
table user.table_name(column_name number(7) constraint constraint_name
primary key deferrable using index storage(initial 100k next 100k)
tablespace tablespace_name,column_name2 varchar2(25) constraint
constraint_name not null,column_name3 number(7)) tablespace
tablespace_name;
/*
给创建
bitmap index
分配的内存空间参数,以加速建索引
*/
show parameter create_bit;
/*
改变索引的存储参数
*/
alter index index_name pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k next 200k);
/*
给索引手工分配一个分区
*/
alter index index_name allocate extent (size 200k datafile '$ORACLE/oradata/..');
/*
释放索引中没用的空间
*/
alter index index_name deallocate unused;
/*
索引重建
*/
alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name;
/*
普通索引和反转索引的互换
*/
alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name reverse;
/*
重建索引时,不锁表
*/
alter index index_name rebuild online;
/*
给索引整理碎片
*/
alter index index_name COALESCE;
/*
分析索引
,
事实上是更新统计的过程
*/
analyze index index_name validate structure;
desc index_state;
drop index index_name;
alter index index_name monitoring usage;-----
监视索引是否被用到
alter index index_name nomonitoring usage;----
取消监视
/*
有关索引信息的视图
*/
select * from dba_indexes/dba_ind_columns/dbs_ind_expressions/v$object_usage;
##########
数据完整性的管理
(Maintaining data integrity) ##########
alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;----drop
约束
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name primary key(column_name1,column_name2);-----
创建主键
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name unique(column_name1,column_name2);---
创建唯一约束
/*
创建外键约束
*/
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name foreign key(column_name1) references table_name(column_name1);
/*
不效验老数据,只约束新的数据
[enable/disable
:约束
/
不约束新数据
;novalidate/validate:
不对
/
对老数据进行验证
]*/
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name like 'B%') enable/disable novalidate/validate;
/*
修改约束条件,延时验证,
commit
时验证
*/
alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially deferred;
/*
修改约束条件,立即验证
*/
alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially immediate;
alter session set constraints=deferred/immediate;
/*drop
一个有外键的主键表
,
带
cascade constraints
参数级联删除
*/
drop table table_name cascade constraints;
/*
当
truncate
外键表时,先将外键设为无效,再
truncate;*/
truncate table table_name;
/*
设约束条件无效
*/
alter table table_name disable constraint constraint_name;
alter table table_name enable novalidate constraint constraint_name;
/*
将无效约束的数据行放入
exception
的表中,此表记录了违反数据约束的行的行号;在此之前,要先建
exceptions
表
*/
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name >15) enable validate exceptions into exceptions;
/*
运行创建
exceptions
表的脚本
*/
start $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlexcpt.sql;
/*
获取约束条件信息的表或视图
*/
select * from user_constraints/dba_constraints/dba_cons_columns;
################## managing password security and resources ####################
alter user user_name account unlock/open;----
锁定
/
打开用户
;
alter user user_name password expire;---
设定口令到期
/*
建立口令配置文件
,failed_login_attempts
口令输多少次后锁,
password_lock_times
指多少天后口令被自动解锁
*/
create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_times 1/1440;
/*
创建口令配置文件
*/
create
profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_time
unlimited password_life_time 30 password_reuse_time 30
password_verify_function verify_function password_grace_time 5;
/*
建立资源配置文件
*/
create profile prfile_name limit session_per_user 2 cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;
alter user user_name profile profile_name;
/*
设置口令解锁时间
*/
alter profile profile_name limit password_lock_time 1/24;
/*password_life_time
指口令文件多少时间到期,
password_grace_time
指在第一次成功登录后到口令到期有多少天时间可改变口令
*/
alter profile profile_name limit password_lift_time 2 password_grace_time 3;
/*password_reuse_time
指口令在多少天内可被重用
,password_reuse_max
口令可被重用的最大次数
*/
alter profile profile_name limit password_reuse_time 10[password_reuse_max 3];
alter user user_name identified by input_password;-----
修改用户口令
drop profile profile_name;
/*
建立了
profile
后,且指定给某个用户,则必须用
CASCADE
才能删除
*/
drop profile profile_name CASCADE;
alter system set resource_limit=true;---
启用自愿限制
,
缺省是
false
/*
配置资源参数
*/
alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_session 10000 connect_time 60 idle_time 5;
/*
资源参数
(session
级
)
cpu_per_session
每个
session
占用
cpu
的时间
单位
1/100
秒
sessions_per_user
允许每个用户的并行
session
数
connect_time
允许连接的时间
单位分钟
idle_time
连接被空闲多少时间后,被自动断开
单位分钟
logical_reads_per_session
读块数
private_sga
用户能够在
SGA
中使用的私有的空间数
单位
bytes
(call
级
)
cpu_per_call
每次
(1/100
秒
)
调用
cpu
的时间
logical_reads_per_call
每次调用能够读的块数
*/
alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_call 1000 logical_reads_per_call 10;
desc dbms_resouce_manager;---
资源管理器包
/*
获取资源信息的表或视图
*/
select * from dba_users/dba_profiles;
###### Managing users ############
show parameter os;
create user testuser1 identified by kxf_001;
grant connect,createtable to testuser1;
alter user testuser1 quota 10m on tablespace_name;
/*
创建用户
*/
create
user user_name identified by password default tablespace
tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on
tablespace_name password expire;
/*
数据库级设定缺省临时表空间
*/
alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name;
/*
制定数据库级的缺省表空间
*/
alter database default tablespace tablespace_name;
/*
创建
os
级审核的用户,需知道
os_authent_prefix
,表示
oracle
和
os
口令对应的前缀
,'OPS$'
为此参数的值,此值可以任意设置
*/
create
user user_name identified by externally default OPS$tablespace_name
tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on
tablespace_name password expire;
/*
修改用户使用表空间的限额
,
回滚表空间和临时表空间不允许授予限额
*/
alter user user_name quota 5m on tablespace_name;
/*
删除用户或删除级联用户
(
用户对象下有对象的要用
CASCADE
,将其下一些对象一起删除
)*/
drop user user_name [CASCADE];
/*
每个用户在哪些表空间下有些什么限额
*/
desc dba_ts_quotas;select * from dba_ts_quotas where username='...';
/*
改变用户的缺省表空间
*/
alter user user_name default tablespace tablespace_name;
######### Managing Privileges #############
grant create table,create session to user_name;
grant create any table to user_name; revoke create any table from user_name;
/*
授予权限语法
,public
标识所有用户
,with admin option
允许能将权限授予第三者的权限
*/
grant system_privs,[......] to [user/role/public],[....] [with admin option];
select * from v$pwfile_users;
/*
当
O7_dictionary_accessiblity
参数为
True
时,标识
select any table
时,包括系统表也能
select ,
否则,不包含系统表
;
缺省为
false*/
show parameter O7;
/*
由于
O7_dictionary_accessiblity
为静态参数,不能动态改变,故加
scope=spfile,
下次启动时才生效
*/
alter system set O7_dictionary_accessiblity=true scope=spfile;
/*
授予对象中的某些字段的权限,如
select
某表中的某些字段的权限
*/
grant [object_privs(column,....)],[...] on object_name to user/role/public,... with grant option;
/*oracle
不允许授予
select
某列的权限
,
但可以授
insert ,update
某列的权限
*/
grant insert(column_name1,column_name2,...) on table_name to user_name with grant option;
select * from dba_sys_privs/session_privs/dba_tab_privs/user_tab_privs/dba_col_privs/user_col_privs;
/*db/os/none
审计被记录在
数据库
/
操作系统
/
不审计
缺省是
none*/
show parameter audit_trail;
/*
启动对表的
select
动作
*/
audit select on user.table_name by session;
/*by session
在每个
session
中发出
command
只记录一次,
by access
则每个
command
都记录
*/
audit [create table][select/update/insert on object by session/access][whenever successful/not successful];
desc dbms_fga;---
进一步设计,则可使用
dbms_fgs
包
/*
取消审计
*/
noaudit select on user.table_name;
/*
查被审计信息
*/
select * from all_def_audit_opts/dba_stmt_audit_opts/dba_priv_audit_opts/dba_obj_audit_opts;
/*
获取审计记录
*/
select * from dba_audit_trail/dba_audit_exists/dba_audit_object/dba_audit_session/dba_audit_statement;
########### Managing Role #################
create role role_name; grant select on table_name to role_name; grant role_name to user_name; set role role_name;
create role role_name;
create role role_name identified by password;
create role role_name identified externally;
set role role_name ; ----
激活
role
set role role_name identified by password;
alter role role_name not identified;
alter role role_name identified by password;
alter role role_name identified externally;
grant priv_name to role_name [WITH ADMIN OPTION];
grant update(column_name1,col_name2,...) on table_name to role_name;
grant role_name1 to role_name2;
/*
建立
default role,
用户登录时,缺省激活
default role*/
alter user user_name default role role_name1,role_name2,...;
alter user user_name default role all;
alter user user_name default role all except role_name1,...;
alter user user_name default role none;
set role role1 [identified by password],role2,....;
set role all;
set role except role1,role2,...;
set role none;
revoke role_name from user_name;
revoke role_name from public;
drop role role_name;
select * from dba_roles/dba_role_privs/role_role_privs/dba_sys_privs/role_sys_privs/role_tab_privs/session_roles;
########### Basic SQL SELECT ################
select col_name as col_alias from table_name ;
select col_name from table_name where col1 like '_o%'; ----'_'
匹配单个字符
/*
使用字符函数
(
右边截取
,
字段中包含某个字符
,
左边填充某字符到固定位数
,
右边填充某字符到固定位数
)*/
select substr(col1,-3,5),instr(col2,'g'),LPAD(col3,10,'$'),RPAD(col4,10,'%') from table_name;
/*
使用数字函数
(
往右
/
左几位四舍五入
,
取整
,
取余
)*/
select round(col1,-2),trunc(col2),mod(col3) from table_name ;
/*
使用日期函数
(
计算两个日期间相差几个星期
,
两个日期间相隔几个月
,
在某个月份上加几个月
,
某个日期的下一个日期
,
某日期所在月的最后的日期
,
对某个日期的月分四舍五入,对某个日期的月份进行取整
)*/
select (sysdate-col1)/7 week,months_between(sysdate,col1),add_months(col1,2),next_day(sysdate,'FRIDAY'),last_day(sysdate),
round(sysdate,'MONTH'),trunc(sysdate,'MONTH') from table_name;
/*
使用
NULL
函数
(
当
expr1
为空取
expr2/
当
expr1
为空取
expr2,
否则取
expr3/
当
expr1=expr2
返回空
)*/
select nvl(expr1,expr2),nvl2(expr1,expr2,expr3),nullif(expr1,expr2) from table_name;
select column1,column2,column3, case column2 when '50' then column2*1.1
when '30' then column2*2.1
when '10' then column3/20
else column3
end as ttt
from table_name ; ------
使用
case
函数
select table1.col1,table2.col2 from table1
[CROSS JOIN table2] | -----
笛卡儿连接
[NATURAL JOIN table2] | -----
用两个表中的同名列连接
[JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] | -----
用两个表中的同名列中的某一列或几列连接
[JOIN table2
ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)] |
[LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ------
相当于
(+)=,=(+)
连接
,
全外连接
ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)]; ------SQL 1999
中的
JOIN
语法
;
example:
select col1,col2 from table1 t1
join table2 t2
on t1.col1=t2.col2 and t1.col3=t2.col1
join table3 t3
on t2.col1=t3.col3;
select * from table_name where col1 < any (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3);
select * from table_name where col1 < all (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3);
insert into (select col1,col2,col3 form. table_name where col1> 50 with check option) values (value1,value2,value3);
MERGE INTO table_name table1
USING table_name2 table2
ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)
WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET
table1.col1=table2.col2,
table1.col2=table2.col3,
...
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
INSERT VALUES(table2.col1,table2.col2,table2.col3,...); -----
合并语句
##################### CREATE/ALTER TABLE #######################
alter table table_name drop column column_name ;---drop column
alter table table_name set unused (col1,col2,...);----
设置列无效,这个比较快。
alter table table_name drop unused columns;---
删除被设为无效的列
rename table_name1 to table_name2; ---
重命名表
comment on table table_name is 'comment message';----
给表放入注释信息
create table table_name
(col1 int not null,col2 varchar2(20),col3 varchar2(20),
constraint uk_test2_1 unique(col2,col3))); -----
定义表中的约束条件
alter table table_name add constraint pk_test2 primary key(col1,col2,...); ----
创建主键
/*
建立外键
*/
create table table_name (rid int,name varchar2(20),constraint fk_test3 foreign key(rid) references other_table_name(id));
alter table table_name add constraint ck_test3 check(name like 'K%');
alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;
alter table table_name drop primary key cascade;----
级联删除主键
alter table table_name disable/enable constraint constraint_name;----
使约束暂时无效
/*
删除列,并级联删除此列下的约束条件
*/
alter table table_name drop column column_name cascade constraint;
select * from user_constraints/user_cons_columns;---
约束条件相关视图
############## Create Views #####################
CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE] VIEW view_name [(alias[,alias]...)]
AS subquery
[WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]
[WITH READ ONLY [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]; ------
创建视图的语法
example: Create or replace view testview as select col1,col2,col3 from table_name; ------
创建视图
/*
使用别名
*/
Create or replace view testview as select col1,sum(col2) col2_alias from table_name;
/*
创建复杂视图
*/
Create
view view_name (alias1,alias2,alias3,alias4) as select
d.col1,min(e.col1),max(e.col1),avg(e.col1) from table_name1
e,table_name2 d where e.col2=d.col2 group by d.col1;
/*
当用
update
修改数据时,必须满足视图的
col1>10
的条件,不满足则不能被改变
.*/
Create or replace view view_name as select * from table_name where col1>10 with check option;
/*
改变视图的值
.
对于简单视图可以用
update
语法修改表数据,但复杂视图则不一定能改。如使用了函数,
group by ,distinct
等的列
*/
update view_name set col1=value1;
/*TOP-N
分析
*/
select [column_list],rownum from (select [column_list] from table_name order by Top-N_column) where rownum<=N;
/*
找出某列三条最大值的记录
*/
example: select rownum as rank ,col1 ,col2 from (select col1 ,col2 from table_name order by col2 desc) where rownum<=3;
############# Other database Object ###############
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name [INCREMENT BY n]
[START WITH n]
[{MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE}]
[{MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE}]
[{CYCEL | NOCYCLE}]
[{CACHE n | NOCACHE}]; -----
创建
SEQUENCE
example:
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name INCREMENT BY 10
START WITH 120
MAXVALUE 9999
NOCACHE
NOCYCLE;
select * from user_sequences ;---
当前用户下记录
sequence
的视图
select sequence_name.nextval,sequence_name.currval from dual;-----sequence
的引用
alter sequence sequence_name INCREMENT BY 20
MAXVALUE 999999
NOCACHE
NOCYCLE; -----
修改
sequence,
不能改变起始序号
drop sequence sequence_name; ----
删除
sequence
CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name FOR object; ------
创建同义词
DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name;----
删除同义词
CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK link_name USEING OBJECT;----
创建
DBLINK
select * from object_name@link_name; ----
访问远程数据库中的对象
/*union
操作,它将两个集合的交集部分压缩,并对数据排序
*/
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
/*union all
操作,两个集合的交集部分不压缩,且不对数据排序
*/
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union all select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
/*intersect
操作,求两个集合的交集
,
它将对重复数据进行压缩,且排序
*/
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name intersect select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
/*minus
操作,集合减
,
它将压缩两个集合减后的重复记录
,
且对数据排序
*/
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name minus select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
/*EXTRACT
抽取时间函数
.
此例是抽取当前日期中的年
*/
select EXTRACT(YEAR FROM SYSDATE) from dual;
/*EXTRACT
抽取时间函数
.
此例是抽取当前日期中的月
*/
select EXTRACT(MONTH FROM SYSDATE) from dual;
##########################
增强的
group by
子句
#########################
select [column,] group_function(column)...
from table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression]
[HAVING having_expression];
[ORDER BY column]; -------ROLLUP
操作字,对
group by
子句的各字段从右到左进行再聚合
example:
/*
其结果看起来象对
col1
做小计
*/
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup(col1,col2);
/*
复合
rollup
表达式
*/
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup((col1,col2));
select [column,] group_function(column)...
from table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY [CUBE] group_by_expression]
[HAVING having_expression];
[ORDER BY column]; -------CUBE
操作字,除完成
ROLLUP
的功能外,再对
ROLLUP
后的结果集从右到左再聚合
example:
/*
其结果看起来象对
col1
做小计后,再对
col2
做小计,最后算总计
*/
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube(col1,col2);
/*
复合
rollup
表达式
*/
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube((col1,col2));
/*
混合
rollup,cube
表达式
*/
select col1,col2,col3,sum(col4) from table group by col1,rollup(col2),cube(col3);
/*GROUPING(expr)
函数,查看
select
语句种以何字段聚合,其取值为
0
或
1*/
select [column,] group_function(column)...,GROUPING(expr)
from table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression]
[HAVING having_expression];
[ORDER BY column];
example:
select col1,col2,sum(col3),grouping(col1),grouping(col2) from table group by cube(col1,col2);
/*grouping sets
操作,对
group by
结果集先对
col1
求和,再对
col2
求和,最后将其结果集并在一起
*/
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by grouping sets((col1),(col2));
相关文章推荐
- oracle常用经典SQL查询
- oracle常用经典SQL查询(转贴)
- oracle常用经典SQL查询
- oracle常用经典sql查询
- oracle常用经典sql查询
- Oracle常用经典SQL查询(二)
- Oracle常用经典SQL查询(一)
- oracle常用经典SQL查询
- Oracle常用经典SQL查询
- oracle常用经典SQL查询
- oracle常用经典sql查询
- oracle常用的经典sql查询
- Oracle常用经典SQL查询(二)
- oracle常用经典SQL查询
- oracle常用经典SQL查询
- oracle常用经典SQL查询
- oracle常用经典SQL查询(转贴)
- oracle常用经典SQL查询
- oracle常用经典SQL查询
- oracle常用经典SQL查询