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oracle常用经典SQL查询

2009-05-29 21:48 561 查看
oracle

常用经典
SQL

查询

常用
SQL

查询:

1

、查看表空间的名称及大小

select t.tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size

from dba_tablespaces t, dba_data_files d

where t.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name

group by t.tablespace_name;

2

、查看表空间物理文件的名称及大小

select tablespace_name, file_id, file_name,

round(bytes/(1024*1024),0) total_space

from dba_data_files

order by tablespace_name;

3

、查看回滚段名称及大小

select segment_name, tablespace_name, r.status,

(initial_extent/1024) InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent,

max_extents, v.curext CurExtent

From dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v

Where r.segment_id = v.usn(+)

order by segment_name;

4

、查看控制文件

select name from v$controlfile;

5

、查看日志文件

select member from v$logfile;

6

、查看表空间的使用情况

select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name

from dba_free_space

group by tablespace_name;

SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE,

(B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE"

FROM SYS.SM$TS_AVAIL A,SYS.SM$TS_USED B,SYS.SM$TS_FREE C

WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME;

7

、查看数据库

库对象

select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner, object_type, status;

8

、查看数据库的版本 

Select version FROM Product_component_version

Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)='Oracle';

9

、查看数据库的创建日期和归档方式

Select Created, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database;

10

、捕捉运行很久的
SQL

column username format a12

column opname format a16

column progress format a8

select username,sid,opname,

round(sofar*100 / totalwork,0) || '%' as progress,

time_remaining,sql_text

from v$session_longops , v$sql

where time_remaining <> 0

and sql_address = address

and sql_hash_value = hash_value

/

11

。查看数据表的参数信息

SELECT
partition_name, high_value, high_value_length, tablespace_name,

pct_free, pct_used, ini_trans, max_trans, initial_extent,

next_extent, min_extent, max_extent, pct_increase, FREELISTS,

freelist_groups, LOGGING, BUFFER_POOL, num_rows, blocks,

empty_blocks, avg_space, chain_cnt, avg_row_len, sample_size,

last_analyzed

FROM dba_tab_partitions

--WHERE table_name = :tname AND table_owner = :towner

ORDER BY partition_position

12.

查看还没提交的事务

select * from v$locked_object;

select * from v$transaction;

13

。查找
object

为哪些进程所用

select

p.spid,

s.sid,

s.serial# serial_num,

s.username user_name,

a.type
object_type,

s.osuser os_user_name,

a.owner,

a.object object_name,

decode(sign(48 - command),

1,

to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,

p.program oracle_process,

s.terminal terminal,

s.program program,

s.status session_status

from v$session s, v$access a, v$process p

where s.paddr = p.addr and

s.type = 'USER' and

a.sid = s.sid
and

a.object='SUBSCRIBER_ATTR'

order by s.username, s.osuser

14

。回滚段查看

select rownum, sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name Name, v$rollstat.extents

Extents, v$rollstat.rssize Size_in_Bytes, v$rollstat.xacts XActs,

v$rollstat.gets Gets, v$rollstat.waits Waits, v$rollstat.writes Writes,

sys.dba_rollback_segs.status status from v$rollstat, sys.dba_rollback_segs,

v$rollname where v$rollname.name(+) = sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name and

v$rollstat.usn (+) = v$rollname.usn order by rownum

15

。耗资源的进程(
top session



select s.schemaname schema_name,
decode(sign(48 - command), 1,

to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,
status

session_status,
s.osuser os_user_name,
s.sid,
p.spid ,
s.serial# serial_num,

nvl(s.username, '[Oracle process]') user_name,
s.terminal terminal,

s.program program,
st.value criteria_value
from v$sesstat st,
v$session s
, v$process p

where st.sid = s.sid and
st.statistic# = to_number('38') and
('ALL' = 'ALL'

or s.status = 'ALL') and p.addr = s.paddr order by st.value desc,
p.spid asc, s.username asc, s.osuser asc

16

。查看锁(
lock

)情况

select /*+ RULE */ ls.osuser os_user_name,
ls.username user_name,

decode(ls.type, 'RW', 'Row wait enqueue lock', 'TM', 'DML enqueue lock', 'TX',

'Transaction enqueue lock', 'UL', 'User supplied lock') lock_type,

o.object_name object,
decode(ls.lmode, 1, null, 2, 'Row Share', 3,

'Row Exclusive', 4, 'Share', 5, 'Share Row Exclusive', 6, 'Exclusive', null)

lock_mode,
o.owner,
ls.sid,
ls.serial# serial_num,
ls.id1,
ls.id2

from sys.dba_objects o, (
select s.osuser,
s.username,
l.type,

l.lmode,
s.sid,
s.serial#,
l.id1,
l.id2
from v$session s,

v$lock l
where s.sid = l.sid ) ls
where o.object_id = ls.id1 and
o.owner

<> 'SYS'
order by o.owner, o.object_name

17

。查看等待(
wait

)情况

SELECT v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count count, SUM(v$sysstat.value) sum_value

FROM v$waitstat, v$sysstat WHERE v$sysstat.name IN ('db block gets',

'consistent gets') group by v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count

18

。查看
sga

情况

SELECT NAME, BYTES FROM SYS.V_$SGASTAT ORDER BY NAME ASC

19

。查看
catched object

SELECT owner,
name,
db_link,
namespace,

type,
sharable_mem,
loads,
executions,

locks,
pins,
kept
FROM v$db_object_cache

20

。查看
V$SQLAREA

SELECT SQL_TEXT, SHARABLE_MEM, PERSISTENT_MEM, RUNTIME_MEM, SORTS,

VERSION_COUNT, LOADED_VERSIONS, OPEN_VERSIONS, USERS_OPENING, EXECUTIONS,

USERS_EXECUTING, LOADS, FIRST_LOAD_TIME, INVALIDATIONS, PARSE_CALLS, DISK_READS,

BUFFER_GETS, ROWS_PROCESSED FROM V$SQLAREA

21

。查看
object

分类数量

select decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3 , 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 ,

'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) object_type , count(*) quantity from

sys.obj$ o where o.type# > 1 group by decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3

, 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 , 'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) union select

'COLUMN' , count(*) from sys.col$ union select 'DB LINK' , count(*) from

22

。按用户查看
object

种类

select u.name schema,
sum(decode(o.type#, 1, 1, NULL)) indexes,

sum(decode(o.type#, 2, 1, NULL)) tables,
sum(decode(o.type#, 3, 1, NULL))

clusters,
sum(decode(o.type#, 4, 1, NULL)) views,
sum(decode(o.type#, 5, 1,

NULL)) synonyms,
sum(decode(o.type#, 6, 1, NULL)) sequences,

sum(decode(o.type#, 1, NULL, 2, NULL, 3, NULL, 4, NULL, 5, NULL, 6, NULL, 1))

others
from sys.obj$ o, sys.user$ u
where o.type# >= 1 and
u.user# =

o.owner# and
u.name <> 'PUBLIC'
group by u.name
order by

sys.link$ union select 'CONSTRAINT' , count(*) from sys.con$

23

。有关
connection

的相关信息

1

)查看有哪些用户连接

select s.osuser os_user_name,
decode(sign(48 - command), 1, to_char(command),

'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,
p.program oracle_process,

status session_status,
s.terminal terminal,
s.program program,

s.username user_name,
s.fixed_table_sequence activity_meter,
'' query,

0 memory,
0 max_memory,
0 cpu_usage,
s.sid,
s.serial# serial_num

from v$session s,
v$process p
where s.paddr=p.addr and
s.type = 'USER'

order by s.username, s.osuser

2

)根据
v.sid

查看对应连接的资源占用等情况

select n.name,

v.value,

n.class,

n.statistic#

from
v$statname n,

v$sesstat v

where v.sid = 71 and

v.statistic# = n.statistic#

order by n.class, n.statistic#

3

)根据
sid

查看对应连接正在运行的
sql

select /*+ PUSH_SUBQ */

command_type,

sql_text,

sharable_mem,

persistent_mem,

runtime_mem,

sorts,

version_count,

loaded_versions,

open_versions,

users_opening,

executions,

users_executing,

loads,

first_load_time,

invalidations,

parse_calls,

disk_reads,

buffer_gets,

rows_processed,

sysdate start_time,

sysdate finish_time,

'>' || address sql_address,

'N' status

from v$sqlarea

where address = (select sql_address from v$session where sid = 71)

24

.查询表空间使用情况

select a.tablespace_name "

表空间名称
",

100-round((nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/a.bytes_alloc)*100,2) "

占用率
(%)",

round(a.bytes_alloc/1024/1024,2) "

容量
(M)",

round(nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/1024/1024,2) "

空闲
(M)",

round((a.bytes_alloc-nvl(b.bytes_free,0))/1024/1024,2) "

使用
(M)",

Largest "

最大扩展段
(M)",

to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') "

采样时间
"

from
(select f.tablespace_name,

sum(f.bytes) bytes_alloc,

sum(decode(f.autoextensible,'YES',f.maxbytes,'NO',f.bytes)) maxbytes

from dba_data_files f

group by tablespace_name) a,

(select
f.tablespace_name,

sum(f.bytes) bytes_free

from dba_free_space f

group by tablespace_name) b,

(select round(max(ff.length)*16/1024,2) Largest,

ts.name tablespace_name

from sys.fet$ ff, sys.file$ tf,sys.ts$ ts

where ts.ts#=ff.ts# and ff.file#=tf.relfile# and ts.ts#=tf.ts#

group by ts.name, tf.blocks) c

where a.tablespace_name = b.tablespace_name and a.tablespace_name = c.tablespace_name

25.

查询表空间的碎片程度

select tablespace_name,count(tablespace_name) from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name

having count(tablespace_name)>10;

alter tablespace name coalesce;

alter table name deallocate unused;

create or replace view ts_blocks_v as

select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,'free space' segment_name from dba_free_space

union all

select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,segment_name from dba_extents;

select * from ts_blocks_v;

select tablespace_name,sum(bytes),max(bytes),count(block_id) from dba_free_space

group by tablespace_name;

26

。查询有哪些数据库实例在运行

select inst_name from v$active_instances;

===========================================================

#########

创建数据库
----look $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/buildall.sql #############

create database db01

maxlogfiles 10

maxdatafiles 1024

maxinstances 2

logfile

GROUP 1 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_01_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,

GROUP 2 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_02_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,

GROUP 3 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_03_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,

datafile 'u01/oradata/db01/system_01_db01.dbf') SIZE 100M,

undo tablespace UNDO

datafile '/u01/oradata/db01/undo_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 40M

default temporary tablespace TEMP

tempfile '/u01/oradata/db01/temp_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 20M

extent management local uniform. size 128k

character set AL32UTE8

national character set AL16UTF16

set time_zone='America/New_York';

###############

数据字典
##########

set wrap off

select * from v$dba_users;

grant select on table_name to user/rule;

select * from user_tables;

select * from all_tables;

select * from dba_tables;

revoke dba from user_name;

shutdown immediate

startup nomount

select * from v$instance;

select * from v$sga;

select * from v$tablespace;

alter session set nls_language=american;

alter database mount;

select * from v$database;

alter database open;

desc dictionary

select * from dict;

desc v$fixed_table;

select * from v$fixed_table;

set oracle_sid=foxconn

select * from dba_objects;

set serveroutput on

execute dbms_output.put_line('sfasd');

#############

控制文件
###########

select * from v$database;

select * from v$tablespace;

select * from v$logfile;

select * from v$log;

select * from v$backup;

/*

备份

用户表空间
*/

alter tablespace users begin backup;

select * from v$archived_log;

select * from v$controlfile;

alter system set control_files='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl',

'$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl' scope=spfile;

cp $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl

startup pfile='../initSID.ora'

select * from v$parameter where name like 'control%' ;

show parameter control;

select * from v$controlfile_record_section;

select * from v$tempfile;

/*

备份控制文件
*/

alter database backup controlfile to '../filepath/control.bak';

/*

备份控制文件,并将二进制控制文件变为了
asc

的文本文件
*/

alter database backup controlfile to trace;

############### redo log ##############

archive log list;

alter system archive log start;--

启动自动存档

alter system switch logfile;--

强行进行一次日志
switch

alter system checkpoint;--

强制进行一次
checkpoint

alter tablspace users begin backup;

alter tablespace offline;

/*checkpoint

同步频率参数
FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET,

同步频率越高,系统恢复所需时间越短
*/

show parameter fast;

show parameter log_checkpoint;

/*

加入一个日志组
*/

alter database add logfile group 3 ('/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' size 10M);

/*

加入日志组的一个成员
*/

alter database add logfile member '/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to group 3;

/*

删除日志组
:

当前日志组不能删;活动的日志组不能删;非归档的日志组不能删
*/

alter database drop logfile group 3;

/*

删除日志组中的某个成员,但每个组的最后一个成员不能被删除
*/

alter databse drop logfile member '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo';

/*

清除在线日志
*/

alter database clear logfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo';

alter database clear logfile group 3;

/*

清除非归档日志
*/

alter database clear unarchived logfile group 3;

/*

重命名日志文件
*/

alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6a.rdo';

show parameter db_create;

alter system set db_create_online_log_dest_1='path_name';

select * from v$log;

select * from v$logfile;

/*

数据库归档模式到非归档模式的互换
,

要启动到
mount

状态下才能改变
;startup mount;

然后再打开数据库
.*/

alter database noarchivelog/archivelog;

achive log start;---

启动自动归档

alter system archive all;

--手工归档所有日志文件

select * from v$archived_log;

show parameter log_archive;

######

分析日志文件
logmnr ##############

1)


init.ora


set utl_file_dir

参数

2)

重新启动
oracle

3) create

目录文件

desc dbms_logmnr_d;

dbms_logmnr_d.build;

4)

加入日志文件
add/remove log file

dhms_logmnr.add_logfile

dbms_logmnr.removefile

5) start logmnr

dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr

6)

分析出来的内容查询
v$logmnr_content --sqlredo/sqlundo

实践:

desc dbms_logmnr_d;

/*

对数据表做一些操作,为恢复操作做准备
*/

update


set qty=10 where stor_id=6380;

delete


where stor_id=7066;

/***********************************/

utl_file_dir

的路径

execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('foxdict.ora','$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump');

execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.log',dbms_logmnr.newfile);

execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump/foxdict.ora');

######### tablespace ##############

select * form. v$tablespace;

select * from v$datafile;

/*

表空间和数据文件的对应关系
*/

select t1.name,t2.name from v$tablespace t1,v$datafile t2 where t1.ts#=t2.ts#;

alter tablespace users add datafile 'path' size 10M;

select * from dba_rollback_segs;

/*

限制用户在某表空间的使用限额
*/

alter user user_name quota 10m on tablespace_name;

create
tablespace xxx [datafile 'path_name/datafile_name'] [size xxx] [extent
management local/dictionary] [default storage(xxx)];

exmple: create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 5M MAXSIZE 200M;

create
tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size
100M extent management dictionary default storage(initial 100k next
100k pctincrease 10) offline;

/*9i

以后,
oracle

建议使用
local

管理

,而不使用
dictionary

管理,因为
local

采用
bitmap

管理表空间
,不会产生系统表空间的自愿争用
;*/

create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local uniform. size 1m;

create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local autoallocate;

/*

在创建表空间时,设置表空间内的段空间管理模式,这里用的是自动管理
*/

create
tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size
100M extent management local uniform. size 1m segment space management
auto;

alter tablespace userdata mininum extent 10;

alter tablespace userdata default storage(initial 1m next 1m pctincrease 20);

/*undo tablespace(

不能被用在字典管理模下
) */

create undo tablespace undo1 datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 40M extent management local;

show parameter undo;

/*temporary tablespace*/

create temporary tablespace userdata tempfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 10m extent management local;

/*

设置数据库缺省的临时表空间
*/

alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name;

/*

系统
/

临时
/

在线的
undo

表空间不能被
offline*/

alter tablespace tablespace_name offline/online;

alter tablespace tablespace_name read only;

/*

重命名用户表空间
*/

alter tablespace tablespace_name rename datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf';

/*

重命名系统表空间
,

但在重命名前必须将数据库
shutdown,

并重启到
mount

状态
*/

alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system01.dbf' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system02.dbf';

drop tablespace userdata including contents and datafiles;---drop tablespce

/*resize tablespace,autoextend datafile space*/

alter database datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500M;

/*resize datafile*/

alter database datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' resize 50m;

/*

给表空间扩展空间
*/

alter tablespace userdata add datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' size 10m;

/*

将表空间设置成
OMF

状态
*/

alter system set db_create_file_dest='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata';

create tablespace userdata;---use OMF status to create tablespace;

drop tablespace userdata;---user OMF status to drop tablespace;

select * from dba_tablespace/v$tablespace/dba_data_files;

/*

将表的某分区移动到另一个表空间
*/

alter table table_name move partition partition_name tablespace tablespace_name;

###### ORACLE storage structure and relationships #########

/*

手工分配表空间段的分区
(extend)

大小
*/

alter table kong.test12 allocate extent(size 1m datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf');

alter table kong.test12 deallocate unused; ---

释放表中没有用到的分区

show parameter db;

alter system set db_8k_cache_size=10m; ---

配置
8k

块的内存空间块参数

select * from dba_extents/dba_segments/data_tablespace;

select * from dba_free_space/dba_data_file/data_tablespace;

/*

数据对象所占用的字节数
*/

select sum(bytes) from dba_extents where nwer='kong' and segment_name ='table_name';

############ UNDO Data

################

show parameter undo;

alter tablespace users offline normal;

alter tablespace users offline immediate;

recover datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf';

alter tablespace users online ;

select * from dba_rollback_segs;

alter system set undo_tablespace=undotbs1;

/*

忽略回滚段的错误提示
*/

alter system set undo_suppress_errors=true;

/*

在自动管理模式下
,

不会真正建立
rbs1;

在手工管理模式则可以建立
,

且是私有回滚段
*/

create rollback segment rbs1 tablespace undotbs;

desc dbms_flashback;

/*

在提交了修改的数据后
,9i

提供了旧数据的回闪操作
,

将修改前的数据只读给用户看
,

但这部分数据不会又恢复在表中
,

而是旧数据的一个映射
*/

execute dbms_flashback.enable_at_time('26-JAN-04:12:17:00 pm');

execute dbms_flashback.disable;

/*

回滚段的统计信息
*/

select end_time,begin_time,undoblks from v$undostat;

/*undo

表空间的大小计算公式
: UndoSpace=[UR * (UPS * DBS)] + (DBS * 24)

UR :UNDO_RETENTION

保留的时间
(


)

UPS :

每秒的回滚数据块

DBS:

系统
EXTENT


FILE SIZE(

也就是
db_block_size)*/

select * from dba_rollback_segs/v$rollname/v$rollstat/v$undostat/v$session/v$transaction;

show parameter transactions;

show parameter rollback;

/*

在手工管理模式下
,

建立公共的回滚段
*/

create public rollback segment prbs1 tablespace undotbs;

alter rollback segment rbs1 online;----

在手工管理模式

/*

在手工管理模式中
,initSID.ora

中指定
undo_management=manual


rollback_segment=('rbs1','rbs2',...)



transactions=100


transactions_per_rollback_segment=10

然后
shutdown immediate ,startup pfile=..../???.ora */

########## Managing Tables ###########

/*char type maxlen=2000;varchar2 type maxlen=4000 bytes

rowid


18

位的
64

进制字符串
(10


bytes 80 bits)

rowid

组成
: object#(

对象号
)--32bits,6



rfile#(

相对文件号
)--10bits,3



block#(

块号
)--22bits,6



row#(

行号
)--16bits,3



64

进制
: A-Z,a-z,0-9,/,+


64

个符号

dbms_rowid

包中的函数可以提供对
rowid

的解释
*/

select rowid,dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid),dbms_rowid.rowid_row_number(rowid) from table_name;

create table test2

(

id int,

lname varchar2(20) not null,

fname varchar2(20) constraint ck_1 check(fname like 'k%'),

empdate date default sysdate)

) tablespace tablespace_name;

create global temporary table test2 on commit delete/preserve rows as select * from kong.authors;

create table user.table(...) tablespace tablespace_name storage(...) pctfree10 pctused 40;

alter table user.tablename pctfree 20 pctused 50 storage(...);---changing table storage

/*

手工分配分区
,

分配的数据文件必须是表所在表空间内的数据文件
*/

alter table user.table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile '...');

/*

释放表中没有用到的空间
*/

alter table table_name deallocate unused;

alter table table_name deallocate unused keep 8k;

/*

将非分区表的表空间搬到新的表空间
,

在移动表空间后,原表中的索引对象将会不可用,必须重建
*/

alter table user.table_name move tablespace new_tablespace_name;

create index index_name on user.table_name(column_name) tablespace users;

alter index index_name rebuild;

drop table table_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS];

alter table user.table_name drop column col_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS CHECKPOINT 1000];---drop column

/*

给表中不用的列做标记
*/

alter table user.table_name set unused column comments CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;

/*drop

表中不用的做了标记列
*/

alter table user.table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;

/*

当在
drop col

是出现异常,使用
CONTINUE

,防止重删前面的
column*/

ALTER TABLE USER.TABLE_NAME DROP COLUMNS CONTINUE CHECKPOINT 1000;

select * from dba_tables/dba_objects;

######## managing indexes ##########

/*create index*/

example:

/*

创建一般索引
*/

create index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name;

/*

创建位图索引
*/

create bitmap index index_name on table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace tablespace_name;

/*

索引中不能用
pctused*/

create
[bitmap] index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace
tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) ;

/*

大数据量的索引最好不要做日志
*/

create
[bitmap] index index_name table_name(column_name1,column_name2)
tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) nologging;

/*

创建反转索引
*/

create index index_name on table_name(column_name) reverse;

/*

创建函数索引
*/

create index index_name on table_name(function_name(column_name)) tablespace tablespace_name;

/*

建表时创建约束条件
*/

create
table user.table_name(column_name number(7) constraint constraint_name
primary key deferrable using index storage(initial 100k next 100k)
tablespace tablespace_name,column_name2 varchar2(25) constraint
constraint_name not null,column_name3 number(7)) tablespace
tablespace_name;

/*

给创建
bitmap index

分配的内存空间参数,以加速建索引
*/

show parameter create_bit;

/*

改变索引的存储参数
*/

alter index index_name pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k next 200k);

/*

给索引手工分配一个分区
*/

alter index index_name allocate extent (size 200k datafile '$ORACLE/oradata/..');

/*

释放索引中没用的空间
*/

alter index index_name deallocate unused;

/*

索引重建
*/

alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name;

/*

普通索引和反转索引的互换
*/

alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name reverse;

/*

重建索引时,不锁表
*/

alter index index_name rebuild online;

/*

给索引整理碎片
*/

alter index index_name COALESCE;

/*

分析索引
,

事实上是更新统计的过程
*/

analyze index index_name validate structure;

desc index_state;

drop index index_name;

alter index index_name monitoring usage;-----

监视索引是否被用到

alter index index_name nomonitoring usage;----

取消监视

/*

有关索引信息的视图
*/

select * from dba_indexes/dba_ind_columns/dbs_ind_expressions/v$object_usage;

##########

数据完整性的管理
(Maintaining data integrity) ##########

alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;----drop

约束

alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name primary key(column_name1,column_name2);-----

创建主键

alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name unique(column_name1,column_name2);---

创建唯一约束

/*

创建外键约束
*/

alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name foreign key(column_name1) references table_name(column_name1);

/*

不效验老数据,只约束新的数据
[enable/disable

:约束
/

不约束新数据
;novalidate/validate:

不对
/

对老数据进行验证
]*/

alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name like 'B%') enable/disable novalidate/validate;

/*

修改约束条件,延时验证,
commit

时验证
*/

alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially deferred;

/*

修改约束条件,立即验证
*/

alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially immediate;

alter session set constraints=deferred/immediate;

/*drop

一个有外键的主键表
,


cascade constraints

参数级联删除
*/

drop table table_name cascade constraints;

/*


truncate

外键表时,先将外键设为无效,再
truncate;*/

truncate table table_name;

/*

设约束条件无效
*/

alter table table_name disable constraint constraint_name;

alter table table_name enable novalidate constraint constraint_name;

/*

将无效约束的数据行放入
exception

的表中,此表记录了违反数据约束的行的行号;在此之前,要先建
exceptions


*/

alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name >15) enable validate exceptions into exceptions;

/*

运行创建
exceptions

表的脚本
*/

start $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlexcpt.sql;

/*

获取约束条件信息的表或视图
*/

select * from user_constraints/dba_constraints/dba_cons_columns;

################## managing password security and resources ####################

alter user user_name account unlock/open;----

锁定
/

打开用户
;

alter user user_name password expire;---

设定口令到期

/*

建立口令配置文件
,failed_login_attempts

口令输多少次后锁,
password_lock_times

指多少天后口令被自动解锁
*/

create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_times 1/1440;

/*

创建口令配置文件
*/

create
profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_time
unlimited password_life_time 30 password_reuse_time 30
password_verify_function verify_function password_grace_time 5;

/*

建立资源配置文件
*/

create profile prfile_name limit session_per_user 2 cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;

alter user user_name profile profile_name;

/*

设置口令解锁时间
*/

alter profile profile_name limit password_lock_time 1/24;

/*password_life_time

指口令文件多少时间到期,
password_grace_time

指在第一次成功登录后到口令到期有多少天时间可改变口令
*/

alter profile profile_name limit password_lift_time 2 password_grace_time 3;

/*password_reuse_time

指口令在多少天内可被重用
,password_reuse_max

口令可被重用的最大次数
*/

alter profile profile_name limit password_reuse_time 10[password_reuse_max 3];

alter user user_name identified by input_password;-----

修改用户口令

drop profile profile_name;

/*

建立了
profile

后,且指定给某个用户,则必须用
CASCADE

才能删除
*/

drop profile profile_name CASCADE;

alter system set resource_limit=true;---

启用自愿限制
,

缺省是
false

/*

配置资源参数
*/

alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_session 10000 connect_time 60 idle_time 5;

/*

资源参数
(session


)

cpu_per_session

每个
session

占用
cpu

的时间
单位
1/100



sessions_per_user

允许每个用户的并行
session



connect_time

允许连接的时间
单位分钟

idle_time

连接被空闲多少时间后,被自动断开
单位分钟

logical_reads_per_session

读块数

private_sga

用户能够在
SGA

中使用的私有的空间数
单位
bytes

(call


)

cpu_per_call

每次
(1/100


)

调用
cpu

的时间

logical_reads_per_call

每次调用能够读的块数

*/

alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_call 1000 logical_reads_per_call 10;

desc dbms_resouce_manager;---

资源管理器包

/*

获取资源信息的表或视图
*/

select * from dba_users/dba_profiles;

###### Managing users ############

show parameter os;

create user testuser1 identified by kxf_001;

grant connect,createtable to testuser1;

alter user testuser1 quota 10m on tablespace_name;

/*

创建用户
*/

create
user user_name identified by password default tablespace
tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on
tablespace_name password expire;

/*

数据库级设定缺省临时表空间
*/

alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name;

/*

制定数据库级的缺省表空间
*/

alter database default tablespace tablespace_name;

/*

创建
os

级审核的用户,需知道
os_authent_prefix

,表示
oracle


os

口令对应的前缀
,'OPS$'

为此参数的值,此值可以任意设置
*/

create
user user_name identified by externally default OPS$tablespace_name
tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on
tablespace_name password expire;

/*

修改用户使用表空间的限额
,

回滚表空间和临时表空间不允许授予限额
*/

alter user user_name quota 5m on tablespace_name;

/*

删除用户或删除级联用户
(

用户对象下有对象的要用
CASCADE

,将其下一些对象一起删除
)*/

drop user user_name [CASCADE];

/*

每个用户在哪些表空间下有些什么限额
*/

desc dba_ts_quotas;select * from dba_ts_quotas where username='...';

/*

改变用户的缺省表空间
*/

alter user user_name default tablespace tablespace_name;

######### Managing Privileges #############

grant create table,create session to user_name;

grant create any table to user_name; revoke create any table from user_name;

/*

授予权限语法
,public

标识所有用户
,with admin option

允许能将权限授予第三者的权限
*/

grant system_privs,[......] to [user/role/public],[....] [with admin option];

select * from v$pwfile_users;

/*


O7_dictionary_accessiblity

参数为
True

时,标识
select any table

时,包括系统表也能
select ,

否则,不包含系统表
;

缺省为
false*/

show parameter O7;

/*

由于
O7_dictionary_accessiblity

为静态参数,不能动态改变,故加
scope=spfile,

下次启动时才生效
*/

alter system set O7_dictionary_accessiblity=true scope=spfile;

/*

授予对象中的某些字段的权限,如
select

某表中的某些字段的权限
*/

grant [object_privs(column,....)],[...] on object_name to user/role/public,... with grant option;

/*oracle

不允许授予
select

某列的权限
,

但可以授
insert ,update

某列的权限
*/

grant insert(column_name1,column_name2,...) on table_name to user_name with grant option;

select * from dba_sys_privs/session_privs/dba_tab_privs/user_tab_privs/dba_col_privs/user_col_privs;

/*db/os/none

审计被记录在
数据库
/

操作系统
/

不审计
缺省是
none*/

show parameter audit_trail;

/*

启动对表的
select

动作
*/

audit select on user.table_name by session;

/*by session

在每个
session

中发出
command

只记录一次,
by access

则每个
command

都记录
*/

audit [create table][select/update/insert on object by session/access][whenever successful/not successful];

desc dbms_fga;---

进一步设计,则可使用
dbms_fgs



/*

取消审计
*/

noaudit select on user.table_name;

/*

查被审计信息
*/

select * from all_def_audit_opts/dba_stmt_audit_opts/dba_priv_audit_opts/dba_obj_audit_opts;

/*

获取审计记录
*/

select * from dba_audit_trail/dba_audit_exists/dba_audit_object/dba_audit_session/dba_audit_statement;

########### Managing Role #################

create role role_name; grant select on table_name to role_name; grant role_name to user_name; set role role_name;

create role role_name;

create role role_name identified by password;

create role role_name identified externally;

set role role_name ; ----

激活
role

set role role_name identified by password;

alter role role_name not identified;

alter role role_name identified by password;

alter role role_name identified externally;

grant priv_name to role_name [WITH ADMIN OPTION];

grant update(column_name1,col_name2,...) on table_name to role_name;

grant role_name1 to role_name2;

/*

建立
default role,

用户登录时,缺省激活
default role*/

alter user user_name default role role_name1,role_name2,...;

alter user user_name default role all;

alter user user_name default role all except role_name1,...;

alter user user_name default role none;

set role role1 [identified by password],role2,....;

set role all;

set role except role1,role2,...;

set role none;

revoke role_name from user_name;

revoke role_name from public;

drop role role_name;

select * from dba_roles/dba_role_privs/role_role_privs/dba_sys_privs/role_sys_privs/role_tab_privs/session_roles;

########### Basic SQL SELECT ################

select col_name as col_alias from table_name ;

select col_name from table_name where col1 like '_o%'; ----'_'

匹配单个字符

/*

使用字符函数
(

右边截取
,

字段中包含某个字符
,

左边填充某字符到固定位数
,

右边填充某字符到固定位数
)*/

select substr(col1,-3,5),instr(col2,'g'),LPAD(col3,10,'$'),RPAD(col4,10,'%') from table_name;

/*

使用数字函数
(

往右
/

左几位四舍五入
,

取整
,

取余
)*/

select round(col1,-2),trunc(col2),mod(col3) from table_name ;

/*

使用日期函数
(

计算两个日期间相差几个星期
,

两个日期间相隔几个月
,

在某个月份上加几个月
,

某个日期的下一个日期
,

某日期所在月的最后的日期
,

对某个日期的月分四舍五入,对某个日期的月份进行取整
)*/

select (sysdate-col1)/7 week,months_between(sysdate,col1),add_months(col1,2),next_day(sysdate,'FRIDAY'),last_day(sysdate),

round(sysdate,'MONTH'),trunc(sysdate,'MONTH') from table_name;

/*

使用
NULL

函数
(


expr1

为空取
expr2/


expr1

为空取
expr2,

否则取
expr3/


expr1=expr2

返回空
)*/

select nvl(expr1,expr2),nvl2(expr1,expr2,expr3),nullif(expr1,expr2) from table_name;

select column1,column2,column3, case column2 when '50' then column2*1.1

when '30' then column2*2.1

when '10' then column3/20

else column3

end as ttt

from table_name ; ------

使用
case

函数

select table1.col1,table2.col2 from table1

[CROSS JOIN table2] | -----

笛卡儿连接

[NATURAL JOIN table2] | -----

用两个表中的同名列连接

[JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] | -----

用两个表中的同名列中的某一列或几列连接

[JOIN table2

ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)] |

[LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ------

相当于
(+)=,=(+)

连接
,

全外连接

ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)]; ------SQL 1999

中的
JOIN

语法
;

example:

select col1,col2 from table1 t1

join table2 t2

on t1.col1=t2.col2 and t1.col3=t2.col1

join table3 t3

on t2.col1=t3.col3;

select * from table_name where col1 < any (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3);

select * from table_name where col1 < all (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3);

insert into (select col1,col2,col3 form. table_name where col1> 50 with check option) values (value1,value2,value3);

MERGE INTO table_name table1

USING table_name2 table2

ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)

WHEN MATCHED THEN

UPDATE SET

table1.col1=table2.col2,

table1.col2=table2.col3,

...

WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN

INSERT VALUES(table2.col1,table2.col2,table2.col3,...); -----

合并语句

##################### CREATE/ALTER TABLE #######################

alter table table_name drop column column_name ;---drop column

alter table table_name set unused (col1,col2,...);----

设置列无效,这个比较快。

alter table table_name drop unused columns;---

删除被设为无效的列

rename table_name1 to table_name2; ---

重命名表

comment on table table_name is 'comment message';----

给表放入注释信息

create table table_name

(col1 int not null,col2 varchar2(20),col3 varchar2(20),

constraint uk_test2_1 unique(col2,col3))); -----

定义表中的约束条件

alter table table_name add constraint pk_test2 primary key(col1,col2,...); ----

创建主键

/*

建立外键
*/

create table table_name (rid int,name varchar2(20),constraint fk_test3 foreign key(rid) references other_table_name(id));

alter table table_name add constraint ck_test3 check(name like 'K%');

alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;

alter table table_name drop primary key cascade;----

级联删除主键

alter table table_name disable/enable constraint constraint_name;----

使约束暂时无效

/*

删除列,并级联删除此列下的约束条件
*/

alter table table_name drop column column_name cascade constraint;

select * from user_constraints/user_cons_columns;---

约束条件相关视图

############## Create Views #####################

CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE] VIEW view_name [(alias[,alias]...)]

AS subquery

[WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]

[WITH READ ONLY [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]; ------

创建视图的语法

example: Create or replace view testview as select col1,col2,col3 from table_name; ------

创建视图

/*

使用别名
*/

Create or replace view testview as select col1,sum(col2) col2_alias from table_name;

/*

创建复杂视图
*/

Create
view view_name (alias1,alias2,alias3,alias4) as select
d.col1,min(e.col1),max(e.col1),avg(e.col1) from table_name1
e,table_name2 d where e.col2=d.col2 group by d.col1;

/*

当用
update

修改数据时,必须满足视图的
col1>10

的条件,不满足则不能被改变
.*/

Create or replace view view_name as select * from table_name where col1>10 with check option;

/*

改变视图的值
.

对于简单视图可以用
update

语法修改表数据,但复杂视图则不一定能改。如使用了函数,
group by ,distinct

等的列
*/

update view_name set col1=value1;

/*TOP-N

分析
*/

select [column_list],rownum from (select [column_list] from table_name order by Top-N_column) where rownum<=N;

/*

找出某列三条最大值的记录
*/

example: select rownum as rank ,col1 ,col2 from (select col1 ,col2 from table_name order by col2 desc) where rownum<=3;

############# Other database Object ###############

CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name [INCREMENT BY n]

[START WITH n]

[{MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE}]

[{MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE}]

[{CYCEL | NOCYCLE}]

[{CACHE n | NOCACHE}]; -----

创建
SEQUENCE

example:

CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name INCREMENT BY 10

START WITH 120

MAXVALUE 9999

NOCACHE

NOCYCLE;

select * from user_sequences ;---

当前用户下记录
sequence

的视图

select sequence_name.nextval,sequence_name.currval from dual;-----sequence

的引用

alter sequence sequence_name INCREMENT BY 20

MAXVALUE 999999

NOCACHE

NOCYCLE; -----

修改
sequence,

不能改变起始序号

drop sequence sequence_name; ----

删除
sequence

CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name FOR object; ------

创建同义词

DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name;----

删除同义词

CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK link_name USEING OBJECT;----

创建
DBLINK

select * from object_name@link_name; ----

访问远程数据库中的对象

/*union

操作,它将两个集合的交集部分压缩,并对数据排序
*/

select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;

/*union all

操作,两个集合的交集部分不压缩,且不对数据排序
*/

select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union all select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;

/*intersect

操作,求两个集合的交集
,

它将对重复数据进行压缩,且排序
*/

select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name intersect select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;

/*minus

操作,集合减
,

它将压缩两个集合减后的重复记录
,

且对数据排序
*/

select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name minus select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;

/*EXTRACT

抽取时间函数
.

此例是抽取当前日期中的年
*/

select EXTRACT(YEAR FROM SYSDATE) from dual;

/*EXTRACT

抽取时间函数
.

此例是抽取当前日期中的月
*/

select EXTRACT(MONTH FROM SYSDATE) from dual;

##########################

增强的
group by

子句
#########################

select [column,] group_function(column)...

from table

[WHERE condition]

[GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression]

[HAVING having_expression];

[ORDER BY column]; -------ROLLUP

操作字,对
group by

子句的各字段从右到左进行再聚合

example:

/*

其结果看起来象对
col1

做小计
*/

select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup(col1,col2);

/*

复合
rollup

表达式
*/

select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup((col1,col2));

select [column,] group_function(column)...

from table

[WHERE condition]

[GROUP BY [CUBE] group_by_expression]

[HAVING having_expression];

[ORDER BY column]; -------CUBE

操作字,除完成
ROLLUP

的功能外,再对
ROLLUP

后的结果集从右到左再聚合

example:

/*

其结果看起来象对
col1

做小计后,再对
col2

做小计,最后算总计
*/

select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube(col1,col2);

/*

复合
rollup

表达式
*/

select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube((col1,col2));

/*

混合
rollup,cube

表达式
*/

select col1,col2,col3,sum(col4) from table group by col1,rollup(col2),cube(col3);

/*GROUPING(expr)

函数,查看
select

语句种以何字段聚合,其取值为
0


1*/

select [column,] group_function(column)...,GROUPING(expr)

from table

[WHERE condition]

[GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression]

[HAVING having_expression];

[ORDER BY column];

example:

select col1,col2,sum(col3),grouping(col1),grouping(col2) from table group by cube(col1,col2);

/*grouping sets

操作,对
group by

结果集先对
col1

求和,再对
col2

求和,最后将其结果集并在一起
*/

select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by grouping sets((col1),(col2));
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