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《Core Python 2nd》读书摘要一

2009-04-01 15:38 337 查看
1.print语句在2.0版本之后支持重定向,使用>>语法:

输出到标准错误流

import sys
print >> sys.stderr, 'Fatal error: invalid input!'

输出到log文件

logfile = open('/tmp/mylog.txt', 'a')
print >> logfile, 'Fatal error: invalid input!'
logfile.close()

2.Python can be considered “call by reference.”注意以下代码的区别

a = 10
b = 10
c = 10.0
d = 10.0



a is b ---> True
c is d ---> False

因为到出书为止,Python会interns或cache从(-1, 100)的整数,因为它认为它们会经常使用。而float则不会。

3.内置数值举例

int 0101 84 -237 0x80 017 -680 -0X92
long 29979062458L -84140l 0xDECADEDEADBEEFBADFEEDDEAL
bool True False
float 3.14159 4.2E-10 -90. 6.022e23 -1.609E?19
complex 6.23+1.5j -1.23-875J 0+1j 9.80665-8.31441J -.0224+0j

其中注意complex在虚部j、J的前面一定要加系数,即使是1。

4.Table 2.1 Useful Built-In Functions for New Python Programmers

Function Description
dir([obj]) Display attributes of object or the names of global variables if no parameter given
help([obj]) Display object's documentation string in a pretty-printed format or enters interactive help if no parameter given
int(obj) Convert object to an integer
len(obj) Return length of object
open(fn, mode) Open file fn with mode ('r' = read, 'w' = write)
range([[start, Return a list of integers that begin at start up to
]stop[,step]) but not including stop in increments of step; start
defaults to 0, and step defaults to 1
raw_input(str) Wait for text input from the user, optional prompt string can be provided
str(obj) Convert object to a string
type(obj) Return type of object (a type object itself !)

5.多变量赋值时建议使用Tuple

(x,y,z) = (1,2,'Python')

6.Python Keywords

and as assert break
class continue def del
elif else except exec
finally for from global
if import in is
lambda not or pass
print raise return try
while with yield None

7.Here is a summary of the special underscore usage in Python:

_xxx Do not import with 'from module import *',在Python中_xxx被看做Private
__xxx__ System-de?ned name,在Python中__xxx__被看做特殊用途
__xxx Request private name mangling in classes
因此作者不建议使用underscore作为变量的开始

8.一个module内常用的布局
# (1) startup line (Unix)
# (2) module documentation (module.__doc__)
# (3) module imports (import os)
# (4) variable declarations
# (5) class declarations
# (6) function declarations
# (7) "main" body (unindented highest level statement)

9.所有模块中的highest level语句都将被执行,无论是被import还是在command line,等等。因此应该将所有不想被直接调用的语句都写成function或class。
如何判定一个模块是被import的还是直接执行的,可以用__name__关键字
__name__ contains module name if imported
__name__ contains ’__main__’ if executed directly

因此在一个模块中可以在"main"部分加上测试:

if __name__ == '__main__':
  test()        #在开发时做测试,而被imported时则不会被执行


10.对often-used或name-lengthy的模块属性用别名的方式(也可以看做局部引用),可以加快编译器的look up速度
因为Python使用的是引用机制,如ls = os.linesep

11. The type type object is also the mother of all types and is the default metaclass for all standard Python classes.
如:>>> type(42) 会得到<type 'int'>
而 >>> type(type(42)) 会返回 <type 'type'>
Classes are now types, and instances are now objects of their respective types.
>>> type(None) 得到 <type 'NoneType'>

12.所有的内置类型都会有一个True和False以供测试:
为False的有: 空集合、None、布尔False、任何数学形式零
为True的有: 不为False的
User-created class instances have a false value when their nonzero (__nonzero__()) or length (__len__()) special methods, if defined, return a zero value.

13.标准Types: Integer、Boolean、Long integer、Floating point real number、Complex number、String、List、Tuple、Dictionary
其它内置Types: Type、Null object(None)、File、Set/Frozenset、Function/Method、Module、Class
Internal Types:Code、Frame、Traceback、Slice、Ellipsis、Xrange

14.多重比较

>>> 3 < 4 < 7 # same as ( 3 < 4 ) and ( 4 < 7 )
True
>>> 4 > 3 == 3 # same as ( 4 > 3 ) and ( 3 == 3 )
True
>>> 4 < 3 < 5 != 2 < 7
False

15. a is b is an equivalent expression to id(a) == id(b)
a is not b is an equivalent expression to id(a) != id(b)

16.标准内置函数:
cmp(obj1, obj2)、repr(obj) or ‘obj‘、str(obj)、type(obj)

17.The executive summary is that repr() is Python-friendly while str() produces human-friendly output.

18.Python不支持函数和方法的重载,因为它的参数就没有类型这一说,因此不用重载也可以实现这一效果:

class C: 
def __init__(self, i=None): 
    if i is None: 
        print "No arguments" 
    else: 
        print "Argument is", i


You could also try a variable-length argument list, e.g.

def __init__(self, *args): 
....


19.用type和isinstance来检测数值类型的一个示例:

def displayNumType(num):
    print num, 'is',
    if isinstance(num, (int, long, float, complex)):
        print 'a number of type:', type(num).__name__
    else:
        print 'not a number at all!!'
        
displayNumType(-69)
displayNumType('xx')


20.Type Factory Functions

其中一部分Factory Function是由以前的BIF(Build-in Function)演变而来

int(), long(), float(), complex(), str(), unicode(), basestring(), list(), tuple(), type()

另一部分是新增的new-style类的Factory Function

• dict()• bool()• set()• frozenset()• object()• classmethod()• staticmethod()• super()• property()• file()
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