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2008-02-29 19:25 513 查看

linux下配置网络一般有三种方式：1.命令配置（#ifconfig，#toute , #netstat，#ip）2.基于图形或文本图形界面3.编辑配置文件命令配置：ifconfig主要是可以手动启动、观察与修改网络接口的相关参数，可以修改的参数很多，包括IP参数以及MTU等都可以修改ifconfig命令用法及示例： ifconfig [-v] [-a] [-s] [interface]例如：查看ip信息默认显示激活状态的地址信息

[root@localhost~]# ifconfig
eno33554984:flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
inet 172.16.249.102  netmask 255.255.0.0  broadcast 172.16.255.255
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fee5:2d74  prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:e5:2d:74  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
RX packets 5542  bytes 636289 (621.3 KiB)
RX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  frame 0
TX packets 278  bytes 28607 (27.9 KiB)
TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0 collisions 0

lo:flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu65536
inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 0  (Local Loopback)
RX packets 7  bytes 748 (748.0 B)
RX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  frame 0
TX packets 7  bytes 748 (748.0 B)
TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0 collisions 0

查看所有ip信息包括未激活的

[root@localhost~]# ifconfig -a
eno16777736:flags=4098<BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
ether 00:0c:29:e5:2d:6a  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
RX packets 126  bytes 44856 (43.8 KiB)
RX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  frame 0
TX packets 333  bytes 62382 (60.9 KiB)
TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0 collisions 0

eno33554984:flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
inet 172.16.249.102  netmask 255.255.0.0  broadcast 172.16.255.255
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fee5:2d74  prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:e5:2d:74  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
RX packets 5594  bytes 640373 (625.3 KiB)
RX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  frame 0
TX packets 287  bytes 30429 (29.7 KiB)
TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0 collisions 0

lo:flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 0  (Local Loopback)
RX packets 7  bytes 748 (748.0 B)
RX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  frame 0
TX packets 7  bytes 748 (748.0 B)
TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0 collisions 0

ifconfig网卡名称：查看指定网卡的信息

[root@localhost~]# ifconfig lo
lo:flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu65536
inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 0  (Local Loopback)
RX packets 7  bytes 748 (748.0 B)
RX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  frame 0
TX packets 7  bytes 748 (748.0 B)
TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0 collisions 0

ifconfig还可以给出指定的ip地址并激活
第一种方式：#ifconfig IFACEIP/MASK [up]
例如：

[root@localhost~]# ifconfig eno16777736 192.168.10.100/24 up
[root@localhost~]# ifconfig
eno16777736:flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
inet 192.168.10.100  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.10.255
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fee5:2d6a  prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:e5:2d:6a  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
RX packets 126  bytes 44856 (43.8 KiB)
RX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  frame 0
TX packets 341  bytes 63010 (61.5 KiB)
TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0 collisions 0

第二种方式：#ifconfig IFACEIP netmask NETMASK

[root@localhost~]# ifconfig eno16777736 192.168.10.101 netmask 255.255.255.0
[root@localhost~]# ifconfig
eno16777736:flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
inet 192.168.10.101  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.10.255
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fee5:2d6a  prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:e5:2d:6a  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
RX packets 126  bytes 44856 (43.8 KiB)
RX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  frame 0
TX packets 343  bytes 63150 (61.6 KiB)
TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0 collisions 0

可以看到eno16777736的地址已经被更改；但是要注意,ifconfig命令修改的配置重启后会失效；

route命令：用来查看路由的信息

route命令的用法及示例：
查看路由信息：

route -n ：表示以数字格式显示路由信息；

[root@localhost~]# route -n
Kernel IProuting table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
0.0.0.0         172.16.0.1      0.0.0.0         UG   100    0        0 eno33554984
172.16.0.0      0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U    100    0        0 eno33554984
192.168.10.0    0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U    0      0        0 eno16777736

添加路由条目：

route add [-net | -host] target [netmask
Nm] [gw GW] [[dev] If]
例如：添加目标地址为10.0.0.0 ，下一跳网关192.168.10.1

[root@localhost~]# route add -net 10.0.0.0/8 gw 192.168.10.1
[root@localhost~]# route -n
Kernel IProuting table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
0.0.0.0         172.16.0.1      0.0.0.0         UG   100    0        0 eno33554984
10.0.0.0        192.168.10.1    255.0.0.0       UG   0      0        0 eno16777736
172.16.0.0      0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U     100   0        0 eno33554984
192.168.10.0    0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U    0      0        0 eno16777736

删除路由条目：
route del [-net|-host] target [gw Gw] [netmask Nm] [[dev] If]
例如：把新添加的路由条目删除

[root@localhost~]# route del -net 10.0.0.0/8
[root@localhost~]# route -n
Kernel IProuting table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
0.0.0.0         172.16.0.1      0.0.0.0         UG   100    0        0 eno33554984
172.16.0.0      0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U    100    0        0 eno33554984
192.168.10.0    0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U    0      0        0 eno16777736

删除默认网关：
#route del default

netstat命令：用于查看网络状态
netstat命令用法及示例：

显示路由表：

[root@localhost~]# netstat -rn
Kernel IProuting table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags  MSS Window  irtt Iface
0.0.0.0         172.16.0.1      0.0.0.0         UG        0 0          0 eno33554984
172.16.0.0      0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U        0 0          0 eno33554984
192.168.10.0    0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U        0 0          0 eno16777736

-r：显示内核路由表

-n：以数字格式显示

显示路由连接状态：

选项：

-t：TCP协议的相关连接，连接均有其状态；FSM (Finate StateMachine）；
-u:UDP相关的连接；但没有监听状态一说
-w:rawsocket相关的连接
-l:处于监听状态的连接
-a:所有状态
-n:以数字格式显示IP和port
-e:扩展格式
-p:显示相关的进程及PID
以数字格式显示TCP相关的连接：

[root@localhost~]# netstat -tn
ActiveInternet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-QSend-Q Local Address           ForeignAddress         State
tcp        0    52 172.16.249.102:22      172.16.19.1:51004      ESTABLISHED

查看处于监听状态的UDP连接：

[root@localhost~]# netstat -unl
ActiveInternet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-QSend-Q Local Address           ForeignAddress         State
udp        0     0 0.0.0.0:68             0.0.0.0:*
udp        0     0 0.0.0.0:123            0.0.0.0:*
udp        0     0 0.0.0.0:29309          0.0.0.0:*
udp        0     0 127.0.0.1:323          0.0.0.0:*
udp6       0     0 :::123                 :::*
udp6       0     0 ::1:323                :::*
udp6       0     0 :::23960                :::*

以数字格式显示TCP的所有连接：

[root@localhost~]# netstat -tan
ActiveInternet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-QSend-Q Local Address           ForeignAddress         State
tcp        0     0 0.0.0.0:22             0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN
tcp        0     0 127.0.0.1:25           0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN
tcp        0    52 172.16.249.102:22       172.16.19.1:51004       ESTABLISHED
tcp6       0     0 :::22                  :::*                    LISTEN
tcp6       0     0 ::1:25                 :::*                    LISTEN

显示口的统计数据：

[root@localhost ~]# netstat -i
Kernel Interface table
Iface      MTU    RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR    TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg
eno16777  1500      285     0      0 0           343      0     0      0 BMRU
eno33554  1500     8847     0      0 0           749      0     0      0 BMRU
lo       65536        7     0      0 0             7      0     0      0 LRU

ifup、ifdown命令：启动或关闭接口

例如：

[root@localhost~]# ifdown eno16777736
Device'eno16777736' successfully disconnected.

ifdown用法相同。
注意：ifup与ifdown仅就 /etc/sysconfig/network- scripts内的ifcfg-x（x为接口）进行启动或关闭的操作，并不能直接修改网络参数，除非手动调整ifcfg-x文件才行。

IP命令：ip是iproute2软件包里面的一个强大的网络配置工具，它能够替代一些传统的网络管理工具，例如ifconfig、route等，使用权限为超级用户。
ip命令用法及示例：
ip link set设置连接状况

[root@localhost~]# ip link set eno16777736 down
[root@localhost~]# ifconfig
eno33554984:flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
inet 172.16.249.184  netmask 255.255.0.0  broadcast 172.16.255.255
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe1d:aef1  prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:1d:ae:f1  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
RX packets 4601  bytes 366509 (357.9 KiB)
RX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  frame 0
TX packets 457  bytes 75326 (73.5 KiB)
TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0 collisions 0

lo:flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu65536
inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 0  (Local Loopback)
RX packets 14  bytes 1496 (1.4 KiB)
RX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  frame 0
TX packets 14  bytes 1496 (1.4 KiB)
TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0 collisions 0

ip link show 显示当前所有连接

[root@localhost~]# ip link show
1: lo:<LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd00:00:00:00:00:00
2: eno16777736:<BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state DOWN mode DEFAULTqlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:1d:ae:e7 brdff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3:eno33554984: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_faststate UP mode DEFAULT qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:1d:ae:f1 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

ip addr add 添加新地址

例如：添加一个新地址 192.168.10.1

[root@localhost~]# ip addr add 192.168.10.1/24 dev eno16777736
[root@localhost~]# ip addr show
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP>mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2:eno16777736: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state DOWNqlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:1d:ae:e7 brdff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.10.1/24 scope global eno16777736
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

ip addr del 删除地址
例如：删除 192.168.10.1 这个地址

[root@localhost~]# ip addr del 192.168.10.1/24 dev eno16777736
[root@localhost~]# ip addr show
1: lo:<LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2:eno16777736: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state DOWNqlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:1d:ae:e7 brdff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

ip addr flush 清空设备上的所有地址
ip route add 添加路由

例如：添加目标地址10.10.0.1/8 经过网关为 172.16.0.2 的路由

[root@localhost~]# ip route add 10.10.0.1 via 172.16.0.2 dev eno16777736
[root@localhost~]# ip route list
default via172.16.0.1 dev eno16777736  protostatic  metric 100
default via172.16.0.1 dev eno33554984  protostatic  metric 101
10.0.0.0/8dev eno16777736  proto kernel  scope link src 10.10.0.1
10.10.0.1via 172.16.0.2 dev eno16777736

ip route del 删除路由
例如：上面添加的路由

[root@localhost~]# ip route delete 10.0.0.0/8
[root@localhost~]# ip route list
default via172.16.0.1 dev eno16777736  protostatic  metric 100
default via172.16.0.1 dev eno33554984  protostatic  metric 101
172.16.0.0/16dev eno33554984  proto kernel  scope link src 172.16.249.184
172.16.0.0/16dev eno16777736  proto kernel  scope link src 172.16.249.199  metric 100

ip route show：显示所有的路由信息；
ip routeflush：清空所有的路由信息；
ip route get获取单条路由信息

[root@localhost~]# ip route get 172.16.249.199/16
local172.16.249.199 dev lo  src 172.16.249.199
cache <local>

ss 命令：与netstat 命令相似
ss [options] [ FILTER ]
选项
-t：TCP协议的相关连接
-u：UDP相关的连接
-w：raw socket相关的连接
-l：监听状态的连接
-a：所有状态的连接
-n：数字格式
-p：相关的程序及其PID
-e：扩展格式信息
-m：内存用量
-o：计时器信息
FILTER := [state TCP-STATE ] [ EXPRESSION ]
例如：显示过滤原端口与目标端口都是22的tcp协议的信息；

[root@localhost~]# ss -tan '( dport = :22 or sport = :22 )'
State       Recv-Q Send-Q           Local Address:Port             Peer Address:Port
LISTEN      0     128                         *:22                            *:*
ESTAB       0     52             172.16.249.184:22                 172.16.19.1:50286
LISTEN      0     128                        :::22                            :::*

通过图形界面修改网络属性
Centos 7上的 nmtui 工具
使用 nmtui 命令

Centos 6 使用setup命令，也可以使用专属命令 system-config-network 来配置。

修改配置文件
通过修改ifcfg-IFACE配置文件参数：

[root@localhost~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
[root@localhostnetwork-scripts]# ls
ifcfg-eno16777736
root@localhostnetwork-scripts]# vim ifcfg-eno16777736

#Generated by dracut initrd
NAME="eno16777736"
DEVICE="eno16777736"
ONBOOT=yes
NETBOOT=yes
UUID="c5f9072b-3998-4ebd-9287-fbccc011e25a"
IPV6INIT=yes
BOOTPROTO=dhcp
TYPE=Ethernet

以上只是我的配置文件中的内容，下面给出完整内容并说明各字段的意义；
DEVICE:此配置文件对应的设备的名称；
ONBOOT：在系统引导过程中，是否激活此接口；
UUID：此设备的惟一标识；
IPv6INIT：是否初始化IPv6；
BOOTPROTO:激活此接口时使用什么协议来配置接口属性，常用的有DHCP、BOOTP、static、none
TYPE：接口类型，常见的有Ethernet, Bridge；
DNS1:第一DNS服务器指向；
DNS2：备用DNS服务器指向
DOMAIN：DNS搜索域；
GATWAY:默认网关
IPADDR：本机的IP地址
NETMASK：子网掩码；centos 7 支持使用PREFIX以长度方式指明子网掩码；
USERCTL：是否允许普通用户控制此设备；
PEERDNS：如果BOOTPROTO的值为“dhcp”，是否允许dhcp server分配的dns服务器指向覆盖本地手动指
定的DNS服务器指向；默认为允许；
NM_CONTROLLED：是否使用NetworkManager服务来控制接口；
查看服务状态：chkconfig --list
管理网络服务：

[root@localhost network-scripts]# service network status
已配置设备：
lo eno16777736
当前活跃设备：
lo eno16777736 eno33554984

重启网络服务：

[root@localhost network-scripts]# service network restart
Restarting network (via systemctl):

修改网络服务：
1、复制想要修改的配置文件；

2、修改配置文件内容保存退出；

3、重启服务使配置生效；

Centos 6 ：#service
network restart
Centos
7： #systemctl restart network.service
配置路由

配置文件为/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-IFACE ，配置路由支持两种方式，但不能混用；
第一种方式：

[root@localhost network-scripts]# vim
route-eno16777736
10.0.0.0/8 via 172.16.0.1

[root@localhost network-scripts]# systemctl
restart network
[root@localhost network-scripts]# ip route
list
default via 172.16.0.1 dev eno33554984  proto static
metric 100
default via 172.16.0.1 dev eno16777736  proto static
metric 101
10.0.0.0/8 via 172.16.0.1 dev
eno16777736  proto static  metric 100
172.16.0.0/16 dev eno33554984  proto kernel
scope link  src 172.16.249.184
172.16.0.0/16 dev eno16777736  proto kernel
scope link  src 172.16.249.199

第二种方式：修改一下内容即可
ADDRESS#=TARGET
NETMASK#=MASK
GATEWAY#-NEXTHOP
给接口配置多个地址
1、使用命令配置

[root@localhostnetwork-scripts]# ifconfig eno16777736:0 192.168.0.1/24
[root@localhostnetwork-scripts]# ifconfig
eno16777736:flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
inet 172.16.249.199  netmask 255.255.0.0  broadcast 172.16.255.255
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe1d:aee7  prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:1d:ae:e7  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
RX packets 34116  bytes 2864726 (2.7 MiB)
RX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  frame 0
TX packets 126  bytes 10908 (10.6 KiB)
TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0 collisions 0

eno16777736:0:flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
inet 192.168.0.1  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.0.255
ether 00:0c:29:1d:ae:e7  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)

2、修改配置文件：
1、复制想要修改的配置文件；
2、修改配置文件内容保存退出；
3、重启服务使配置生效；

内容来自用户分享和网络整理，不保证内容的准确性，如有侵权内容，可联系管理员处理

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经典赞美30句 『english and 中文』

经典赞美30句『english and 中文』